Midterm2 Flashcards
Newborns can acquire __________ immunity through breast milk.
active
specific
passive
innate
lactal
Passive
A transplant recipient’s body rejects a transplanted organ because her ______ does not match that of the donor closely enough.
memory T cell collection
cytokine profile
antibody response
mononuclear phagocytic system
major histocompatibility complex
Major histocompatibility complex
An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is ______.
an immunoglobulin that is produced by lymph nodes in response to bacteria; a foreign protein that enters the body and causes an immune reaction
only on a pathogen; only in a human body.
none of the above
a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen
a hapten molecule that is complex in shape; an enzyme produced by the thymus gland that neutralizes antigens
A foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
none of the above.
bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct.
intestinal duct and left intercostal duct.
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct.
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
brain.
abdominal viscera.
thoracic viscera.
upper limb and mammary gland.
scalp and face.
Upper limb and mammary gland
During the primary immune response, B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells.
True
False
True
Innate defenses include mechanical and chemical barriers, whereas adaptive defenses counter specific disease-causing agents.
True
False
True
In the cellular immune response
T cells produce antibodies directly against antigens.
B cells produce antibodies directly against antigens.
T cells attack healthy body cells.
T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them.
T cells activate macrophages.
T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them
A virus differs from other pathogens in that it is
more dangerous.
not capable of reproduction outside a living cell.
multicellular.
more complex.
larger.
Not capable of reproduction outside a living cell
Lymph nodes are centers for the production of ______, which act against foreign particles carried in lymph.
lymphocytes
The primary functions of lymph include
carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
transporting foreign particles to the kidneys.
returning proteins to the tissue fluid.
none of the above.
Returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it
forces the person to stay in bed.
increases iron in the blood.
includes pyrogens that destroy the pathogens.
increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.
slows the attack of phagocytes.
Increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria
Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing perforin, which cuts holes in
DNA molecules.
lysosomes.
nuclei.
cell membranes.
ribosomes.
Cell membranes
Inflammation is a response to
chemical exposure.
heat.
all of the above.
infection.
ultraviolet light.
all of the above
As a result of the allergen-antibody reaction, mast cells release histamine.
True
False
True
The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is
artificially acquired active immunity.
naturally acquired passive immunity.
vaccine acquired active immunity.
naturally acquired active immunity.
artificially acquired passive immunity.
naturally acquired active immunity
In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of having a disease.
True
An immune response that is slower but more specific for the pathogen is the
innate defense.
complement system.
adaptive defense.
delayed response.
nonspecific defense
adaptive defense
The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the
axillary region.
shoulder
elbow.
wrist.
hand.
elbow.
A newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory infectious thanks to IgA from the mother’s
intestine.
blood.
placenta.
milk.
sweat.
milk
A vaccine against HIV
is made of monoclonal antibodies.
consists of cocktails of drugs taken daily.
prevents opportunistic infections.
may be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV.
is available for those who can afford it.
may be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV
An injection of synthetic antibodies imparts active immunity.
True
False
False
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to
thymosins.
thymonucleins.
interferon.
antibodies.
cytokines.
thymosins
The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum.
True
False
True
Which of the following are cytokines?
Histamine and leukotrienes
Macrophages and lymphocytes
Antibodies and antigens
Autoantibodies and immunosuppressants
Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
Autoimmune diseases are more common in older people.
True
False
True
Interleukin-1 secretion causes
an antibody response.
an allergic response.
cytokine secretion.
none of the above.
a fever.
a fever
A vaccine produces its effects by
directly attacking the antigens and neutralizing them.
activating autoantibodies.
stimulating a primary immune response.
chemotaxis, the attraction of antigens to areas where the vaccine can destroy them.
stimulating a tertiary immune response
stimulating a primary immune response.
The spleen
contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules.
contains many phagocytes.
is the largest lymphatic organ.
all of the above
looks like a large lymph node.
all of the above
Heart valve cells can be damaged through
active immunity.
autoimmunity.
innate immunity.
passive immunity.
specific immunity.
autoimmunity.
The antibodies produced in allergic reactions
attack pathogens or nonself cells.
are secreted by mast cells.
are all of the above.
are called allergens.
belong to the immunoglobulin E group.
belong to the immunoglobulin E group.
A drug based on a monoclonal antibody differs from the immune response in that
all of the antibodies descend from one T lymphocyte.
all of the antibodies descend from one B lymphocyte.
it consists of only antigen binding sites.
the antibodies descend from several B lymphocytes.
a monoclonal antibody is a cytokine.
all of the antibodies descend from one B lymphocyte.
Plasma cells
die during active infection.
produce antibody molecules.
increase the volume of the blood plasma.
directly attack antigens.
produce interferon.
produce antibody molecules
The tissues of the spleen are called
tonsils and Peyer’s patches.
frangible particles.
red and white pulp.
black and blue pulp.
cellular and fibrous.
red and white pulp.
Widely distributed phagocytic cells that remain fixed in position constitute the ________ ________ _______.
mononuclear phagocytic system
After lymph leaves the collecting ducts, it enters _____ and becomes part of the ______.
lymphatics; spleen
veins; plasma
capillaries; blood supply
lymph nodes; lymphatic trunks
arteries; serum
veins; plasma
Complement proteins, which are activated when IgG or IgM antibodies bind antigen,
cause lysis of the T cells.
cause opsonization, which coats the antibody-antigen complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes.
stimulate cytokine release.
do none of the above.
stimulate chemotaxis, in which neutrophils and macrophages are repelled from the affected area.
cause opsonization, which coats the antibody-antigen complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes.
Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms?
Saliva
Diarrhea
Urine
Mucus
Tears
Diarrhea
Lymph differs from plasma in that
lymph has white blood cells, whereas plasma does not.
lymph is thin and plasma is viscous.
lymph is clear and plasma is red.
lymph has more protein than plasma.
plasma has more protein than lymph.
plasma has more protein than lymph.
Drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another
replace antigens on the recipient’s cells to match the transplanted tissue.
reduce the differences between donor proteins and recipient proteins.
reduce the chance of infection in the recipient.
dampen the recipient’s immune response.
stimulate the formation of antibodies by the recipient’s cells.
dampen the recipient’s immune response
Factors that contribute to the prevalence of peanut allergy in the U.S. include the fact that
dry roasting activates the responsible allergens.
peanuts lack allergens.
peanut antigens are in infant formula.
people inherit peanut allergy.
peanut allergens are stopped and destroyed in the stomach, causing cramps.
dry roasting activates the responsible allergens.
Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen.
True
Cytotoxic T cells destroy
all antigen-bearing cells.
T cells.
cancer cells and virus-containing cells.
cytotoxic cells.
B cells
cancer cells and virus-containing cells.
The order in which HIV breaches barriers and affects immunity is
entering the penis or vagina, carried in mucus to cytotoxic B cells.
inhalation, entering the circulation, entering helper T cells.
ingestion, entering the circulation, entering helper T cells.
crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, then B cells, then natural killer cells
crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells
crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells
Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called ______.
Pathogens
A primary immune response ______, and a secondary immune response ______.
produces antibodies within five to ten days of exposure to antigens; produces antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen
is very important; is less important to the body’s ability to protect itself
occurs in children; occurs in adults
is very rapid in producing antibodies after exposure to antigens; is very slow in producing antibodies after exposure to antigens
takes place in the lymph nodes; takes place in scattered lymphatic tissue
produces antibodies within five to ten days of exposure to antigens; produces antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen
Stephanie has her cancerous right breast removed, and the surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the axillary region, to prevent spread of the cancer. As a result, Stephanie’s right arm
receives too much blood and swells.
loses its blood supply.
becomes paralyzed
loses tissue fluid.
becomes edematous.
Becomes edematous
A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease is a(n) ______.
vaccine
The foreign, or “non-self” substances that trigger immune responses are called ______.
antigens
Tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______.
rich in proteins; rich in proteins and foreign particles
clear; red
forced out of blood plasma; absorbed into blood capillaries
forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries
forced out of lymph vessels; absorbed into lymph vessels
forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries
In HIV infection, reverse transcriptase
makes protein from viral RNA.
destroys the immune system.
makes protein from viral DNA.
makes DNA from viral RNA.
makes RNA from viral DNA
makes DNA from viral RNA.
AIDS is caused by a virus that attacks complement enzymes.
True
False
False
A population of lymphocytes whose members are all alike and are capable of responding to the same specific antigen is called a(n) _______.
clone
Morris has lung cancer and is given the drug Avastin. His doctor says that the drug is a monoclonal antibody. This means that the drug consists of
a single type of antigen.
a cocktail of many types of antibodies.
a single type of antibody.
a cocktail of many types of antigens.
none of the above.
a single type of antibody
A lymph node consists of
all of the above.
compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages.
afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface.
efferent vessels circulating lymph out of the node at its hilum.
lymph nodules.
all of the above.
Normal immune responses require T and B lymphocytes.
True
False
True
Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels.
True
False
True
_________ initiate(s) a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body.
Antibodies
The complement system
Natural killer cells
The insult system
Interferon
The complement system
The functions of the lymphatic system do not include
returning small proteins to the bloodstream.
protecting the body against infection.
transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver.
returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle.
transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle.
______ is accumulation of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces.
Edema
Aging of the lymphatic system begins
at birth.
after age 50.
shortly after birth.
at puberty.
before birth.
before birth.
An immunoglobulin molecule is an antigen secreted by T lymphocytes.
True
False
False
Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge.
thoracic region
trophic region.
supratrochlear region
inguinal region
cervical region
inguinal region
The spleen
none of the above
consists of two lobes in the mediastinum.
produces T lymphocytes.
produces B lymphocytes
resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.
resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.
Two mechanical barriers to infection are interferon and inflammation.
True
False
False
The anti-Rh factor is an example of an
IgE.
IgG.
IgM.
IgRh.
IgA.
IgG.
The thymus enlarges after puberty.
True
False
False
A vaccine can halt an infection in a population if everyone is vaccinated due to
naturally acquired active immunity.
bovine immunity.
people keeping away from each other.
an epidemic of autoimmunity.
herd immunity.
herd immunity.
Lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled, closed-ended tubes.
True
False
True
Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system
only if they come from an insect sting.
not at all, because lymphatic valves prevent this.
rapidly.
not at all, because the skin lacks lymphatic capillaries.
slowly.
rapidly
The formation of lymph increases as a result of
increasing the numbers of white blood cells that leave the blood for the lymph.
increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.
decreasing volume of tissue fluid.
decreasing protein concentration in tissue fluid.
increasing osmotic pressure in blood capillaries
increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.
The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are
neutrophils and macrophages.
neutrophils and monocytes.
mast cells and plasma cells.
monocytes and macrophages.
lymphocytes and monocytes.
neutrophils and monocytes.
Immunoglobulin A is abundant in endocrine gland secretions.
True
False
False
Lymph is ______ ______ that has entered a lymphatic capillary.
tissue fluid
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
All of the above
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Multiple sclerosis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
All of the above
B cells divide and differentiate into _________ which produce and secrete antibodies.
serum cells
antibodies
plasma cells
T cells
megakaryocytes
plasma cells
______ are masses of partially encapsulated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx.
Tonsils
Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response?
All of the above.
Phagocytosis
Production of antibodies
Inflammation
Synthesis of defensins
Production of antibodies
In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward
all antigens.
cells of the body (“self”)
foreign cells.
all antibodies.
only cells of the lymphatic system.
cells of the body (“self”)
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide
naturally acquired passive immunity.
naturally acquired active immunity.
artificially acquired passive immunity.
naturally acquired autoimmunity.
artificially acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity.
Disease-causing agents are called
germs.
bugs.
pathogens.
enemies.
antibodies.
pathogens
The mononuclear phagocytic system includes
basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils.
monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
mast cells and megakaryocytes.
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
plasma cells and thymocytes.
monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are
lymphocytes.
mast cells.
cytokines.
macrophages.
all of the above
macrophages
Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her body’s response to any microbe that might try to enter her body as a result of the splinter breaking the skin?
antibody response.
adaptive defense.
innate defense.
specific defense.
cytotoxic T cell response
innate defense.
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)
artery.
capillary.
arteriole.
vein.
metarteriole.
vein
Innate defenses are
fast and non specific.
slow and non specific.
fast and specific.
obtained by taking vaccines.
slow and specific.
fast and non specific.
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are
monocytes and macrophages.
lymphocytes and macrophages.
lymphocytes and monocytes.
erythrocytes and bone marrow stem cells.
neutrophils and lymphocytes.
lymphocytes and macrophages.
The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is
IgG.
IgD.
IgE.
IgX
IgA.
IgG.
A transplant recipient may be able to eventually discontinue immunosuppressant drugs if
the donor received a well-matched transplant from the recipient.
the transplanted organ is not vital.
the recipient receives bone marrow stem cells from the donor.
the donor receives bone marrow stem cells from the recipient.
the donor and recipient are both under age 30.
the donor received a well-matched transplant from the recipient.
Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the
central nervous system.
axillary regions.
mesentery.
inguinal connective tissue.
lungs.
central nervous system.
T lymphocytes are responsible for
programming macrophages.
producing antibodies.
humoral immunity.
producing collectins.
cell-mediated immunity.
cell-mediated immunity.
Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to
viruses.
malarial parasites.
fungi.
chemical irritants.
bacteria.
viruses.
Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by
the urinary system
sweat
breathing
the circulatory system
the lymphatic system
the lymphatic system
Following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are
neither B cells nor T cells.
macrophages and mast cells.
both B cells and T cells.
B cells only.
T cells only.
both B cells and T cells.
The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the
hilum.
sinus.
nodule.
bleb.
capsule.
hilum.
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects the skeletal muscles only.
True
False
False
The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by
peristalsis.
churning.
segmentation.
ring contractions.
standing on one’s head.
segmentation.
The hepatic duct connects the gallbladder to the bile duct.
True
False
False
Bile salts function like detergents in that they ___________ fat globules.
emulsify
coagulate
digest
liquefy
explode
emulsify
One of the major functions of the large intestine is to
secrete digestive enzymes.
absorb ingested water.
regulate the release of bile.
break down hemoglobin.
digest alcohol.
absorb ingested water.
During the defecation reflex, the
diaphragm is lowered.
glottis is opened.
abdominal wall muscles relax.
internal abdominal pressure is decreased.
none of the above.
diaphragm is lowered.
Bacteria cause dental caries by
infecting the gums.
cracking the teeth and invading the crevices.
metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin.
secreting acids that dissolve enamel.
destroying the gums so that the teeth loosen.
metabolizing carbohydrates in food, producing acidic by-products that damage enamel and dentin.
________ pick up cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and return it to the liver.
VLDLs
LDLs
HDLs
Triglycerides
Plasma proteins
HDLs
The parotid gland differs from the submandibular and sublingual glands in that it secretes a clear fluid that is rich in amylase.
True
False
True
The stomach is C-shaped and extends from the duodenum to the spleen.
True
False
False
Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract
from the pharynx to the anus.
in the stomach and small intestine only.
in the small and large intestines only.
in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
only in the rectum and anus.
from the pharynx to the anus.
All of the enzymes that digest protein are
secreted by the pancreas.
activated by HCl.
secreted in an inactive form.
stimulated by enterokinase.
secreted by the liver.
secreted in an inactive form.
Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with
breathing.
swallowing.
both breathing and swallowing.
neither breathing nor swallowing.
defecating.
both breathing and swallowing.
The greater omentum is composed of
the peritoneal membrane.
the pericardial membrane.
the pleural membrane.
the hiatal membrane.
none of the above
the peritoneal membrane.
The _________ reflex regulates the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach.
enterogastric
The hormone secretin
converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
activates chymotrypsin.
stimulates release of pancreatic juice.
inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase.
stimulates salivation.
stimulates release of pancreatic juice.
The liver
forms glucose from noncarbohydrates.
stores vitamin C.
produces red blood cells.
secretes chymotrypsin.
all of the above
forms glucose from noncarbohydrates.
Over-the-counter antacids usually include
interferon.
sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium.
a mixture of digestive juices.
anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen.
agents that lower the pH in the stomach.
sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium.
The canaliculi in the liver transport ___________ through the ductules.
hepatic enzymes
bile
pancreatic enzymes
blood
gastrin
bile
______ ions help to regulate the pH of saliva.
Bicarbonate
The _______ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients.
mucosa
submucosa
muscular layer
serosa
subserosa
mucosa
Changes in the mouth associated with aging include
overgrowth of gums.
thinning enamel.
thinning cementum.
shrinking dentin.
all of the above.
thinning enamel.
Hepatitis B can be transmitted by means of
sexual activity.
blood transfusions.
saliva.
hypodermic needles.
all of the above.
all of the above.
Feces are about ____ percent water.
25
33
50
75
100
75
Lymph transports fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms away from the intestine.
True
False
True
The alimentary canal extends, in its entirety, from
the mouth to the large intestine.
the stomach to the small intestine.
the liver to the gallbladder.
the mouth to the anus.
the anus to the pharynx.
the mouth to the anus.
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion of lipids?
1. Formation of chylomicrons
2. Emulsification by bile
3. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane
4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase
5. Diffusion into lacteal ducts
4, 3, 2, 1, 5
2, 4, 3, 1, 5
2, 1, 4, 3, 5
3, 2, 4, 5, 1
5, 1, 3, 2, 4
2, 4, 3, 1, 5
The root canal of a tooth contains
dentin.
cementum.
gingiva.
blood vessels and nerves.
hydroxyapatite.
blood vessels and nerves.
Bile salts aid the absorption of _________ vitamins.
fat-soluble
Large, fixed phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids are _______ cells.
Kupffer
The enterogastric reflex begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine.
True
False
False
VLDL are produced in which organ?
Pancreas
Liver
Kidneys
Stomach
Brain
Liver
Receptor-mediated endocytosis removes _______ from plasma, supplying cholesterol for the body.
VLDL
LDL
HDL
triglycerides
cholesterol
LDL
The digestive functions of saliva include
moistening, binding and building up food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the esophagus.
moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of proteins; and cleansing the esophagus.
moistening, binding and building up food particles; beginning mechanical digestion of fats; and cleansing the teeth and mouth.
drooling and spitting.
moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the teeth and mouth.
moistening, binding and dissolving food particles; beginning chemical digestion of carbohydrates; and cleansing the teeth and mouth.
Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor.
True
False
False
The disorder of the large intestine producing a “cobblestone” effect within the tissues of the colon is
colorectal cancer.
hemorrhoids.
Crohn’s disease.
ulcerative colitis.
diarrhea.
Crohn’s disease.
Chisel-shaped teeth are _______.
incisors
Matthew takes a drug that inhibits the production of HCl in the stomach to ease the symptoms of a gastric ulcer. If he takes it for a long time, digestion of which nutrient would be affected the most?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
None of the above
Proteins
Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice.
True
False
True
Factors that may affect the rate of absorption of certain medications with age include
slowing of the exit of chyme from the stomach.
slowing peristalsis.
thinning of the stomach lining.
slowed secretion of intrinsic factor.
all of the above.
all of the above.
Which of the following is true about bile?
Cholecystokinin stimulates its production.
Secretin stimulates release of bile into the duodenum.
It contains concentrated enzymes that digest carbohydrates.
It is red.
None of the above
None of the above
Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her
abdominal wall.
pelvic wall.
diaphragm.
stomach wall.
small intestine.
diaphragm
The mechanical breakup of food particles in the mouth is called
mastication.
salivation.
peristalsis.
absorption.
perturbation.
mastication
The epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine
are replaced every few days.
are not able to reproduce.
are permanent parts of the villi.
remain where they are first formed.
transdifferentiate into adipose cells.
are replaced every few days
Gastrin, which stomach cells secrete,
inhibits production of hydrochloric acid.
increases secretion by the gastric glands.
changes pepsin into pepsinogen.
initiates the cephalic phase of digestion.
contracts the stomach.
increases secretion by the gastric glands.
The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete
mucus.
pepsinogen.
hydrochloric acid.
pepsin.
gastrin.
hydrochloric acid.
The teeth that are best adapted for biting off hunks of food are the
incisors.
canines.
bicuspids.
molars.
premolars
incisors
he cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon.
True
False
False
Gallstones may form if
bile is too concentrated.
hepatic cells secrete too much HCl.
the pH of the gallbladder becomes too alkaline.
the liver is lacerated.
all of the above
bile is too concentrated.
Intrinsic factor is necessary for the normal absorption of ______ ______ from the small intestine.
vitamin B12
Elliot thought that his peptic ulcers were caused by his nagging parents, and was surprised when the doctor handed him a prescription for medication to treat
a bacterial infection.
a viral infection.
a too high pH.
excess bile.
overactive salivary glands.
a bacterial infection.
he uvula is
a type of tooth.
a projection from the soft palate.
a part of the female reproductive system.
part of the tongue.
a flap of tissue that keeps food from entering the respiratory system.
a projection from the soft palate.
Peristalsis mixes food in small segments of the alimentary canal with digestive enzymes.
True
False
False
The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal ______.
hiatus
David has sustained severe damage to his liver in a car accident. Digestion of which nutrient will be most affected?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Lipids
The bile ducts of the liver unite to form the
cystic ducts.
hepatic ducts.
hepatopancreatic ducts.
pancreatic ducts.
zygomatic ducts.
hepatic ducts
Which constituent of bile has a digestive function?
Bile salts
Bile pigments
Cholesterol
Electrolytes
Glucose
Bile salts
Hepatitis C is not transmissible
by sharing razors.
from mother to baby.
from uncooked meats.
from contaminated water.
from a blood transfusion.
from uncooked meats.
The tissues turning yellow (jaundice) is due to the accumulation of
cholesterol.
bile pigments.
carotene.
hemoglobin A.
uric acid.
bile pigments.
Cholecystokinin, a hormone released from intestinal mucosa as a result of stimulation by the presence of fats in the small intestine, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum.
True
False
True
The organs of the alimentary canal are innervated by sympathetic as well as by parasympathetic nerve fibers.
True
False
True
The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses.
True
False
True
The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the ______ ______.
ileocecal valve
A set of primary teeth consists of 20 teeth, whereas a set of secondary teeth consists of 32 teeth.
True
False
True
Pancreatic fluid contains a high concentration of ______ ______, which makes it alkaline.
bicarbonate ion
The epiglottis is attached to the
esophagus.
trachea.
pharynx.
larynx.
roof of the mouth.
larynx
Secretion of cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by
protein in the stomach.
protein in the small intestine.
fat in the stomach.
protein and fat in the small intestine.
carbohydrates in the large intestine.
protein and fat in the small intestine.
Acute pancreatitis is often caused by the conversion of
trypsin to trypsinogen.
trypsinogen to trypsin.
pepsin to pepsinogen.
pepsinogen to pepsin.
proinsulin to insulin.
trypsinogen to trypsin.
The parotid glands are
the largest salivary glands.
the smallest salivary glands.
under the tongue.
in the lower jaw.
in the sinuses.
the largest salivary glands.
The _________ canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.
alimentary
Feces contain
mucus.
electrolytes.
bacteria.
undigested food.
all of the above
all of the above
Bile salts function as digestive enzymes to break down fatty acids.
True
False
False
Tanisha has abdominal pains. Medical tests reveal that she can digest nutrients, but the nutrients are not taken in by the intestinal tissues. She likely has
malnutrition.
malabsorption.
malfeasance.
food allergy.
the flu.
malabsorption
_______ is a protein-splitting enzyme in pancreatic juice.
Trypsin
Zymogen
Amylase
Nuclease
Pancrease
Trypsin
Lydia goes online to meet a man and finds someone nice, but is turned off because he says he has xerostomia. The man has
a sexually-transmitted disease.
an extra stomach.
bad breath.
dry mouth.
a peptic ulcer.
dry mouth.
The process by which bile breaks down fat globules into smaller droplets is ______.
emulsification
Gallstones are usually composed of
calcium salts.
uric acid.
cholesterol.
bile pigments.
gallium.
cholesterol
The chamber of the mouth between the tongue and the palate is the vestibule.
True
False
False
Salivary amylase digests
carbohydrates.
proteins.
fats.
vitamins.
all of the above
carbohydrates
The passageway through the digestive tube is called the _____.
lumen
Enlarged blood vessels of the anal columns is called
peritonitis.
hemorrhoids.
diarrhea.
asteroids.
flatulence.
hemorrhoids
The pyloric sphincter serves as a valve that controls the movement of food between the esophagus and stomach.
True
False
False
The esophagus provides a passageway for substances from the larynx to the bronchi.
True
False
False
The _______ is the part of the digestive tract that has the most lymph nodules and bacteria.
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
colon
mouth
ileum
The main part of the stomach is called the
fundus.
pylorus.
cardia.
body.
gastric region.
body
An X-rays series of the bile ducts is called a
cholangiogram.
cholecystogram.
cholecystectomy.
cholelithiasis.
papillotomy.
cholangiogram.
From the stomach, food passes into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum.
True
False
True
The correct sequence for the layers in the walls of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost is the
mucosa, muscular layer, serosa, submucosa.
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa.
serosa, muscular layer, mucosa, submucosa.
submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscular layer.
serosa, muscular layer, submucosa, mucosa.
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa.
Chylomicrons transport dietary fats to ___________ through the blood.
bones and cartilage
neurons and neuroglia
the liver and gallbladder
muscle and adipose cells
the brain and brainstem
muscle and adipose cells
In the swallowing reflex
the soft palate, larynx and hyoid bone are raised.
the epiglottis closes off the top of the trachea.
the tongue presses against the uvula and soft palate.
muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food.
all of the above
all of the above
Pancreatic digestive secretions are regulated by
bile salts.
cholesterol.
cholecystokinin.
the amount of food eaten.
all of the above
cholecystokinin
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the
heart.
esophagus.
stomach.
small intestine.
gallbladder.
esophagus
Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?
Absorption of water and electrolytes
Digestion of amino acids
Absorption of food molecules
Synthesis of cholesterol
Breakdown of alcohol
Absorption of water and electrolytes
It is good that Emily does not remember being a newborn, because she was miserable, vomiting very often. An X-ray reveale hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The problem in Emily’s digestive system, before surgery helped her, was
an extra stomach.
overgrowth of muscle that blocked the pyloric canal.
absence of the pyloris.
an inverted plyloris.
a peptic ulcer.
overgrowth of muscle that blocked the pyloric canal.
The digestive system
ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder.
mechanically and chemically assembles food from absorbed nutrients.
sends cellular debris to lysosomes.
absorbs nutrients in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach, and releases nutrients in the intestines.
circulates nutrients throughout the body.
ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder.
Fatty foods stay in the stomach longer than protein or carbohydrate foods.
True
False
True
Which of the following are major functions of the liver?
Storage of certain molecules
Formation of urea
Secretion of bile
Maintaining blood glucose concentration
All of the above
All of the above
An extracorporeal liver assist device is very similar to
an artificial heart.
artificial skin.
kidney dialysis.
a blood transfusion.
none of the above
kidney dialysis.
The double-layered folds of peritoneum that support portions of the small intestine are called ______.
mesenteries
