Midterm Flashcards
all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Metabolic Processes
What are the two types of metabolic reactions?
Anabolism & Catabolism
larger molecules
are made from
smaller ones; requires energy
Anabolism
larger molecules are
broken down into
smaller ones; releases energy
Catabolism
provides the materials needed for cellular
growth and repair
Anabolism
type of anabolic process used to make polysaccharides, triglycerides, and proteins; produces water
Dehydration synthesis
breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones
Catabolism
a catabolic process used to decompose carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; water is used to split the substances
Hydrolysis
reverse of dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
control rates of metabolic reactions; lower activation energy needed to start reactions; most are globular proteins with specific shapes; substrate specific
enzymes
Are enzymes consumed in chemical reactions?
No
What determines the substrate?
the shape of the active site
series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product; each new substrate is the product of the previous reaction
Metabolic pathways
make some enzymes active; non protein component; ions or coenzymes
cofactors
organic molecules that act as cofactors; vitamins
coenzymes
What factors alter enzymes?
heat, radiation, electricity, chemicals, changes in pH
ability to do work or change something
energy
what do most metabolic processes depend on
chemical energy
generates chemical energy to promote cellular metabolism
oxidation of glucose
releases chemical energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use
cellular respiration
What are the 3 series of reactions for cellular respiration?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
produces carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and heat
cellular respiration
What type of reaction occurs without O2?
anaerobic reactions
Produces little ATP
anaerobic reactions
What type of reaction requires O2?
aerobic reactions
produces most ATP
aerobic reactions
What are the 3 parts of a ATP molecule?
adenine molecule, ribose molecule, 3 phosphate molecules in a chain
When the 3rd phosphate bond is broken in ATP what does ATP become?
ADP
When the 3rd phosphate bond is broken in ATP what happens to the energy?
it is transferred
What is the 3rd phosphate in ATP attached by?
a high energy bond
ADP becomes ATP
phosphorylation
requires energy released from cellular respiration
phosphorylation
what does glycolysis produce
NADH and ATP
HOW MANY REACTIONS ARE IN GLYCOLYSIS
10
breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
glycolysis
where does glycolysis occur
cytosol
how many ATP molecules do glucose yield in glycolysis?
2
phosphorylation, splitting, production of NADH and ATP
glycolysis
instructs cells how to construct proteins; stored DNA
genetic informations
segment of DNA that codes for one protein
Gene
complete set of genes
genome
method used to translate a sequence of nucleotides of DNA into a sequence of amino acids
genetic code
delivers genetic information from nucleus to the cytoplasm
messenger RNA(mRNA)
making of mRNA/copying of DNA
transcription
carries amino acids to mRNA, carries anticodon to mRNA, translates a codon of mRNA into an amino acid
Transfer RNA(tRNA)
provides structure and enzyme activity for ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
change in genetic information
mutations
what corrects mutations?
repair enzymes
Excess glucose stored as glycogen, fat, and converted to amino acids
carbohydrate storage
