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PCT3 > Test1: week3-4 > Flashcards

Test1: week3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the cardiac cycle measured from?

A

Start of p wave to the end of T wave

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2
Q

what is a normal length of the QRS complex?

A

0.08s-0.12s

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3
Q

what is a normal duration of a pr interval?

A

0.16-0.2s

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4
Q

what would a wide qrs complex indicate?

A

originates from the ventricles

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5
Q

what does a narrow QRS complex come from?

A

from the atria

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6
Q

how is ST depression Identified?

A

S-T segment >0.5mm below the baseline–> indicates electrolyte imbalances ( hypokalemia) and ischemia.

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7
Q

How is S-T elevation identified?

A

S-T segment >1mm above the baseline indicates MI

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8
Q

What is a normal QT interval?

A

0.36-0.44s

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9
Q

what is the rate of the SA node?

A

60-100 bpm

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10
Q

what is the rate of the AV?

A

40-60bpm

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11
Q

What is the rate of the Bundle of HIS?

A

40-60bpm

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12
Q

what is the rate of the purkinji fibers?

A

20-40bpm

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13
Q

how to identify SVT

A
  • narrow complex
  • no discernable p waves
  • tachy rate at 200-250bpm
  • regular rhythm
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14
Q

how to identify PSVT

A

SVT that Stops and starts

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15
Q

what is Wolf-Parkinson White?

A

a type of re-entrant SVT caused by an accessory pathway, has a slur on the QRS complex, increasing rate.

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16
Q

What is a sinus pause/arrest?

A

the SA node fails to make an impulse causing one missed complex followed by a beat.underlying normal rhythm.

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17
Q

Can sinus pause/arrest cause an syncopal episode?

A

Yes, if there is a significant pause in conduction it can result in reduced blood flow.

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18
Q

what is sinus exit block?

A

a missed beat caused by conduction disorder ( ex:hyperkalemia)

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19
Q

What is atrial tachycardia?

A

like sinus tach but originates from the AV node with typical rate <150bpm.

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20
Q

what is PAT

A

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, that originates from one atrial fochi ( consistent p waves)

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21
Q

what is MAT

A

Multifocal atrial tachycardia where the impulses originate from different areas of the atria ( different p wave morphologies)
- common in COPD/cardiac pt

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22
Q

what is atrial fib?

A

Disorganized and fast conduction of the atria that is irregularly irregular, no discernable p waves, and narrow complex.

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23
Q

why are afib pt on anticoagulation medication?

A

they are unable to pass the full vol of blood from atria to ventricle leading to stasis of blood–> clots that can get into circulation.

24
Q

what rates can atrial conduction cells get up to?

A

200-250bpm

25
Q

what is atrial flutter?

A

originates from 1 atrial fochi that is regular, sawtooth pwaves, with abnormal ratios, it can be fast or slow, narrow complex

26
Q

What is wap

A

wondering atrial pacemaker that is the slower version of MAT
- narrow complex, irregular rhythm, different p wave morphology

27
Q

What is a junctional rhythm?

A

originates from the av node, none-inverted-retrograde pwaves, pace of av 40-60bpm.

28
Q

what is accelerated junctional rhythm?

A

underlying regular rhythm, rates between 60-100bpm, inverted-absent-retrograde pwaves

29
Q

what is junctional tachycardia?

A

underlying regular rhythm, absent-retrograde-inverted pwaves, >100bpm,

30
Q

when the fochi originates from the center of the av node the impulse enters the atria and ventricles _______

A

simontaneously

31
Q

when a fochi enters the atria at the top of the AV node the impulse enters the atria _____ and the ventricles ________

A

artia–> first
Ventricles –> second

32
Q

Pacemaker near the bottom of the AV node will enter the ventricles ____ and the atria _____

A

ventricles –> 1st
atria–> 2nd

33
Q

what is a PAC?

A

premature atrial complex, originates from a different atria fochi than the SA node, junctional pwave, preceds next beat, underlying regular rhythm

34
Q

what is a PJC?

A

pre-junctional complex, originates from the AV junction, occurs before next beat and followed by a compensatory pause, junctional pwaves, narrow complex and normal PR interval

35
Q

what are the 2 types of artifact?

A

somatic tremor: skeletal muscle
60 cycle interference: near by electrical appliances

36
Q

what is Idoventricular rhythm?

A

when the all other nodes fail so the ventrile take over. rate of the ventricles ( 20-40bpm), wide complex, no p waves, regular

37
Q

what is accelerated idioventricular rhythm?

A

idioventricular rhythm at 50-200bpm

38
Q

what is a PVC?

A

Premature ventricular complex, usually associated with svt, junctional p waves, big “ugly” qrs, can be unifocal or multifocal, proceds next expected beat.

39
Q

What is a PVC r on t?

A

when a PVC occurs on the relative refractory period—> sends heart into vf-vt-asystole

40
Q

what is torsade des pointes?

A

Vf and vt twisting down the paper, rates of 200-250bpm, occurs when multiple ventricular sites are firing

41
Q

what is refractory vf?

A

constant vf even after 3 shocks

42
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

unorganized and rapid quivering of the ventricles, no discernable pwaves, qrs, or t waves.

43
Q

what characterizes a 1st degree heart block?

A

Constant PR interval, 1:1 p:QRS, PR interval>0.20s (prolonged),

44
Q

“if R is far from P then its….”

A

1st degree

45
Q

what is another name for snd degree type 1?

A

mobitz 1 or wenkebach 1

46
Q

what is 2nd degree block type 1 characterized by?

A

variable Pr interval, variable P:qrs ratio, Pr gradual increases until a beat is dropped,

47
Q

what is second degree type 2 characterized by?

A

mobitz2/wenkebach2, Constant PR interval, variable P:QRS ratio, dropped beat!

48
Q

If some p waves don’t get through then you have….

A

mobitz 2

49
Q

What is 3rd degree block characterized by?

A

Complete av dissociation, varied pr intetval, varied p:qrs ratio, P waves appear to be “marching” through, bradycardic

50
Q

If the P’s don’t agree then you have…

A

3rd degree

51
Q

how does a demand pacemaker work?

A

When the natural heart rate decreases to a threshold of 60bpm then it takes over pacing

52
Q

What is a ventricular pacemaker?

A

Identified by a verticle line before the QRS, initiated when natural conduction is slowed to its threshold

53
Q

What is a dual chamber or atrio-ventricular pacemaker?

A

identified by a linear line before P wave and one before qrs. Innervates conduction when the natural pace its the slowed threshold

54
Q

What are some complications of pacemakers?

A

Runaway pacemaker, dislodged node, fractured wire etc.

55
Q
A

PCT3 (13 decks)

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