Test1: week3-4

Question 1

where is the cardiac cycle measured from?

Answer 1

Start of p wave to the end of T wave

Question 2

what is a normal length of the QRS complex?

Answer 2

0.08s-0.12s

Question 3

what is a normal duration of a pr interval?

Answer 3

0.16-0.2s

Question 4

what would a wide qrs complex indicate?

Answer 4

originates from the ventricles

Question 5

what does a narrow QRS complex come from?

Answer 5

from the atria

Question 6

how is ST depression Identified?

Answer 6

S-T segment >0.5mm below the baseline–> indicates electrolyte imbalances ( hypokalemia) and ischemia.

Question 7

How is S-T elevation identified?

Answer 7

S-T segment >1mm above the baseline indicates MI

Question 8

What is a normal QT interval?

Answer 8

0.36-0.44s

Question 9

what is the rate of the SA node?

Answer 9

60-100 bpm

Question 10

what is the rate of the AV?

Answer 10

40-60bpm

Question 11

What is the rate of the Bundle of HIS?

Answer 11

40-60bpm

Question 12

what is the rate of the purkinji fibers?

Answer 12

20-40bpm

Question 13

how to identify SVT

Answer 13

• narrow complex
• no discernable p waves
• tachy rate at 200-250bpm
• regular rhythm

Question 14

how to identify PSVT

Answer 14

SVT that Stops and starts

Question 15

what is Wolf-Parkinson White?

Answer 15

a type of re-entrant SVT caused by an accessory pathway, has a slur on the QRS complex, increasing rate.

Question 16

What is a sinus pause/arrest?

Answer 16

the SA node fails to make an impulse causing one missed complex followed by a beat.underlying normal rhythm.

Question 17

Can sinus pause/arrest cause an syncopal episode?

Answer 17

Yes, if there is a significant pause in conduction it can result in reduced blood flow.

Question 18

what is sinus exit block?

Answer 18

a missed beat caused by conduction disorder ( ex:hyperkalemia)

Question 19

What is atrial tachycardia?

Answer 19

like sinus tach but originates from the AV node with typical rate <150bpm.

Question 20

what is PAT

Answer 20

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, that originates from one atrial fochi ( consistent p waves)

Question 21

what is MAT

Answer 21

Multifocal atrial tachycardia where the impulses originate from different areas of the atria ( different p wave morphologies)
- common in COPD/cardiac pt

Question 22

what is atrial fib?

Answer 22

Disorganized and fast conduction of the atria that is irregularly irregular, no discernable p waves, and narrow complex.

Question 23

why are afib pt on anticoagulation medication?

Answer 23

they are unable to pass the full vol of blood from atria to ventricle leading to stasis of blood–> clots that can get into circulation.

Question 24

what rates can atrial conduction cells get up to?

Answer 24

200-250bpm

Question 25

what is atrial flutter?

Answer 25

originates from 1 atrial fochi that is regular, sawtooth pwaves, with abnormal ratios, it can be fast or slow, narrow complex

Question 26

What is wap

Answer 26

wondering atrial pacemaker that is the slower version of MAT - narrow complex, irregular rhythm, different p wave morphology

Question 27

What is a junctional rhythm?

Answer 27

originates from the av node, none-inverted-retrograde pwaves, pace of av 40-60bpm.

Question 28

what is accelerated junctional rhythm?

Answer 28

underlying regular rhythm, rates between 60-100bpm, inverted-absent-retrograde pwaves

Question 29

what is junctional tachycardia?

Answer 29

underlying regular rhythm, absent-retrograde-inverted pwaves, >100bpm,

Question 30

when the fochi originates from the center of the av node the impulse enters the atria and ventricles _______

Answer 30

simontaneously

Question 31

when a fochi enters the atria at the top of the AV node the impulse enters the atria _____ and the ventricles ________

Answer 31

artia--> first Ventricles --> second

Question 32

Pacemaker near the bottom of the AV node will enter the ventricles ____ and the atria _____

Answer 32

ventricles --> 1st atria--> 2nd

Question 33

what is a PAC?

Answer 33

premature atrial complex, originates from a different atria fochi than the SA node, junctional pwave, preceds next beat, underlying regular rhythm

Question 34

what is a PJC?

Answer 34

pre-junctional complex, originates from the AV junction, occurs before next beat and followed by a compensatory pause, junctional pwaves, narrow complex and normal PR interval

Question 35

what are the 2 types of artifact?

Answer 35

somatic tremor: skeletal muscle 60 cycle interference: near by electrical appliances

Question 36

what is Idoventricular rhythm?

Answer 36

when the all other nodes fail so the ventrile take over. rate of the ventricles ( 20-40bpm), wide complex, no p waves, regular

Question 37

what is accelerated idioventricular rhythm?

Answer 37

idioventricular rhythm at 50-200bpm

Question 38

what is a PVC?

Answer 38

Premature ventricular complex, usually associated with svt, junctional p waves, big "ugly" qrs, can be unifocal or multifocal, proceds next expected beat.

Question 39

What is a PVC r on t?

Answer 39

when a PVC occurs on the relative refractory period---> sends heart into vf-vt-asystole

Question 40

what is torsade des pointes?

Answer 40

Vf and vt twisting down the paper, rates of 200-250bpm, occurs when multiple ventricular sites are firing

Question 41

what is refractory vf?

Answer 41

constant vf even after 3 shocks

Question 42

what is ventricular fibrillation?

Answer 42

unorganized and rapid quivering of the ventricles, no discernable pwaves, qrs, or t waves.

Question 43

what characterizes a 1st degree heart block?

Answer 43

Constant PR interval, 1:1 p:QRS, PR interval>0.20s (prolonged),

Question 44

"if R is far from P then its...."

Answer 44

1st degree

Question 45

what is another name for snd degree type 1?

Answer 45

mobitz 1 or wenkebach 1

Question 46

what is 2nd degree block type 1 characterized by?

Answer 46

variable Pr interval, variable P:qrs ratio, Pr gradual increases until a beat is dropped,

Question 47

what is second degree type 2 characterized by?

Answer 47

mobitz2/wenkebach2, Constant PR interval, variable P:QRS ratio, dropped beat!

Question 48

If some p waves don't get through then you have....

Answer 48

mobitz 2

Question 49

What is 3rd degree block characterized by?

Answer 49

Complete av dissociation, varied pr intetval, varied p:qrs ratio, P waves appear to be "marching" through, bradycardic

Question 50

If the P's don't agree then you have...

Answer 50

3rd degree

Question 51

how does a demand pacemaker work?

Answer 51

When the natural heart rate decreases to a threshold of 60bpm then it takes over pacing

Question 52

What is a ventricular pacemaker?

Answer 52

Identified by a verticle line before the QRS, initiated when natural conduction is slowed to its threshold

Question 53

What is a dual chamber or atrio-ventricular pacemaker?

Answer 53

identified by a linear line before P wave and one before qrs. Innervates conduction when the natural pace its the slowed threshold

Question 54

What are some complications of pacemakers?

Answer 54

Runaway pacemaker, dislodged node, fractured wire etc.