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Psychology > Test Unit 2 > Flashcards

Test Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the

A

link between 2 events in the environment

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2
Q

Pavlov defined (blank) as fixed stimulus-response patterns

A

reflexes

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3
Q

Tracy was bitten by her neighbor’s dog, and now she will not go near any household pets. This is an example of?

A

stimulus generalization

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4
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect states that?

A

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

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5
Q

Ravis is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. What is this an example of?

A

positive reinforcement

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6
Q

What did B.F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?

A

Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior

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7
Q

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called

A

shaping

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8
Q

Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?

A

Modeling

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9
Q

Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that

A

certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life

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10
Q

Most teens start smoking because they seek some of the rewards that appear to come with smoking. What is this an example of?

A

secondary

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11
Q

A person in a (blank) state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness

A

comatose

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12
Q

Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of?

A

Audience’s focused attention

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13
Q

What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Strayer?

A

2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements

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14
Q

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new works and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

A

growth of new neurons

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15
Q

Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness?

A

meditation

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16
Q

The dropping of the sensory curtain includes the beginning of (blank) of sleep

A

stage 1

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17
Q

Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?

A

They are more likely to be iron deficeient

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18
Q

If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least (blank) drinks in a row

A

5

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19
Q

When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, they are in a (blank) state

A

moderately conscious

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20
Q

When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together, what is occurring?

A

leads one to consciously attend to something

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21
Q

What does mindfulness meditation encourage?

A

attention to the details of momentary experience

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22
Q

Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm

A

variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24 hour period

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23
Q

Which of the following is a marker of stage 2 sleep?

A

K-complexes

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24
Q

According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than optimum duration as long as:

A

it falls in the appropriate circadian cycle

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25
Q

EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal

A

abnormality in sleep spindles

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26
Q

John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John’s brain would reveal that he has a damaged

A

frontal lobe

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27
Q

Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?

A

Psilocybin

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28
Q

What is the monitoring of information from the environment and from one’s own thoughts?

A

awareness

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29
Q

According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8 week mediation training program showed an

A

increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing

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30
Q

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complained of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in (blank) is most likely to have cause Raj’s problems.

A

circadian rhythm

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31
Q

Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of (blank)

A

cerebral toxins

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32
Q

Which area of the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain?

A

cortical area

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33
Q

What is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot?

A

LSD

34
Q

Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?

A

when the various sensory elements get integrated

35
Q

What can be considered a key element of consciousness?

A

attention

36
Q

According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction rates?

A

texting

37
Q

Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt?

A

William Dement

38
Q

What is true about people who sleepwalk?

A

people who sleepwalk do not remeber having been up

39
Q

What is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

A

hallucination

40
Q

(blank) memory is the short-term retention of sounds

A

echoic

41
Q

reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the

A

short-term memory

42
Q

Which of the following has 2 distinct types and 4 distinct stages of processing?

A

long-term memory

43
Q

While studying (blank) processing, researchers ask questions such as “Is the word in capital letters?”

A

structural

44
Q

What are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other?

A

neural networks

45
Q

Aricept and Reminyl are 2 medications that are approved by the FDA for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease because they

A

boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

46
Q

What cortex is located in the parietal lobes?

A

somatosensory

47
Q

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is terms as a (blank) memory

A

recovered

48
Q

What is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain?

A

sensory memory

49
Q

What memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of the memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand

A

short-term

50
Q

What memory is for facts and knowledge?

A

semantic

51
Q

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

A

driven by attention

52
Q

What is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks?

A

parallel distributed processing (ie processing color, depth, and shape all at once)

53
Q

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggest that the ground up leaves of the (blank) tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease?

A

ginko biloba

54
Q

Someone who has PTSD will

A

relive an extremely traumatic event over and over

55
Q

False memories are an example of

A

suggestibility

56
Q

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of

A

syntax and grammar

57
Q

According to scientists, children employ the recency affect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn

A

the last words in a sentence first

58
Q

David, 15 years of age, he has trouble with all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to

A

12 years of age

59
Q

According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true?

A

language influences rather than determine our thinking

60
Q

Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk?

A

the visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal systems

61
Q

Which of the following refers to a mental grouping of objects, events, or people?

A

concept

62
Q

What refers to the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence

A

reasoning

63
Q

What requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one’s own thinking and to question it?

A

metacognitive thinking

64
Q

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, human will choose the one that is most likely to help them active their particular goals

A

rational choice theory

65
Q

Linguistics define human language as (blank) and (blank) communication system

A

open, symbolic

66
Q

Which of the following is associated with Wernicke’s area?

A

language comprehension

67
Q

What is the optimal learning time for language acquisition?

A

0-12 years

68
Q

Which of the following refers to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis?

A

language creates thought as much as thought creates language

69
Q

Rachel is a 10 year old girl. She imagines how her life will pan out in the next ten years when she attends college. Which term best describes Rachel’s imagination?

A

mental representation

70
Q

Which hormone plays a key role in determining the ability to perform better on tests of spatial ability for men, women, and animals?

A

testosterone

71
Q

While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts an evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgements based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing?

A

critical thinking

72
Q

After a recent news story about a disastrous plan crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane. What is this an example of?

A

availability heurisitc

73
Q

What is true about brain waves?

A

theta waves are lower in energy than alpha waves

74
Q

Now middle-aged, a man can still remember his exploits on the football field when he was in high school and he is more than willing to discuss these memories with his children. The information that is the basis for his recollection is part of his (blank) memory

A

episodic

75
Q

A 3 years old loves sports. Her mom recently taught her how to catch a big beach ball and now her dad it teach her how catch a small tennis ball. At first, she tries to “surround” the tennis ball with her arms, the way she did the beach ball. She slowly learns to use her hand. This is?

A

accommodation

76
Q

Your nephew loves to read science fiction. He particularly likes works in which alternative worlds are described and he has begun writing his own story set in a world where good triumphs over evil, and cunning wins out over treachery. Your nephew is probably in the (blank) stage of cognitive development

A

formal operational

77
Q

Every night at supper time, a telemarketer calls people and tries to get them to buy things that they don’t need. On average, he makes a sale after every 72 calls. Every friday night he treats himself by buying a steak dinner with part of his earnings. The telemarketer’s success is on a (blank) schedule and his dining behavior is on a (blank) schedule

A

variable-ration, fixed-interval

78
Q

What describes the interrelation of concentration and attention?

A

perceptual load model

79
Q

What memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye?

A

iconic

80
Q

According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?

A

“Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong.”

Psychology (8 decks)

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