Test Unit 2 Flashcards
Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the
link between 2 events in the environment
Pavlov defined (blank) as fixed stimulus-response patterns
reflexes
Tracy was bitten by her neighbor’s dog, and now she will not go near any household pets. This is an example of?
stimulus generalization
Thorndike’s law of effect states that?
the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
Ravis is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes. What is this an example of?
positive reinforcement
What did B.F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?
Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior
The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called
shaping
Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?
Modeling
Imprinting and sensitivity periods in learning remind us that
certain kinds of experiences are more or less easily learned at different periods in life
Most teens start smoking because they seek some of the rewards that appear to come with smoking. What is this an example of?
secondary
A person in a (blank) state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness
comatose
Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of?
Audience’s focused attention
What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Strayer?
2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements
Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new works and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?
growth of new neurons
Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness?
meditation
The dropping of the sensory curtain includes the beginning of (blank) of sleep
stage 1
Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?
They are more likely to be iron deficeient
If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least (blank) drinks in a row
5
When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, they are in a (blank) state
moderately conscious
When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together, what is occurring?
leads one to consciously attend to something
What does mindfulness meditation encourage?
attention to the details of momentary experience
Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm
variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24 hour period
Which of the following is a marker of stage 2 sleep?
K-complexes
According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than optimum duration as long as:
it falls in the appropriate circadian cycle
EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal
abnormality in sleep spindles
John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John’s brain would reveal that he has a damaged
frontal lobe
Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?
Psilocybin
What is the monitoring of information from the environment and from one’s own thoughts?
awareness
According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8 week mediation training program showed an
increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing
Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complained of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in (blank) is most likely to have cause Raj’s problems.
circadian rhythm
Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of (blank)
cerebral toxins
Which area of the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain?
cortical area
What is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot?
LSD
Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?
when the various sensory elements get integrated
What can be considered a key element of consciousness?
attention
According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction rates?
texting
Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt?
William Dement
What is true about people who sleepwalk?
people who sleepwalk do not remeber having been up
What is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?
hallucination
(blank) memory is the short-term retention of sounds
echoic
reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the
short-term memory
Which of the following has 2 distinct types and 4 distinct stages of processing?
long-term memory
While studying (blank) processing, researchers ask questions such as “Is the word in capital letters?”
structural
What are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other?
neural networks
Aricept and Reminyl are 2 medications that are approved by the FDA for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease because they
boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
What cortex is located in the parietal lobes?
somatosensory
A memory from a real event, which was encoded and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is terms as a (blank) memory
recovered
What is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain?
sensory memory
What memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of the memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand
short-term
What memory is for facts and knowledge?
semantic
Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?
driven by attention
What is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks?
parallel distributed processing (ie processing color, depth, and shape all at once)
The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggest that the ground up leaves of the (blank) tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease?
ginko biloba
Someone who has PTSD will
relive an extremely traumatic event over and over
False memories are an example of
suggestibility
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of
syntax and grammar
According to scientists, children employ the recency affect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn
the last words in a sentence first
David, 15 years of age, he has trouble with all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to
12 years of age
According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true?
language influences rather than determine our thinking
Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk?
the visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal systems
Which of the following refers to a mental grouping of objects, events, or people?
concept
What refers to the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence
reasoning
What requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one’s own thinking and to question it?
metacognitive thinking
Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, human will choose the one that is most likely to help them active their particular goals
rational choice theory
Linguistics define human language as (blank) and (blank) communication system
open, symbolic
Which of the following is associated with Wernicke’s area?
language comprehension
What is the optimal learning time for language acquisition?
0-12 years
Which of the following refers to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis?
language creates thought as much as thought creates language
Rachel is a 10 year old girl. She imagines how her life will pan out in the next ten years when she attends college. Which term best describes Rachel’s imagination?
mental representation
Which hormone plays a key role in determining the ability to perform better on tests of spatial ability for men, women, and animals?
testosterone
While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts an evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgements based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing?
critical thinking
After a recent news story about a disastrous plan crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane. What is this an example of?
availability heurisitc
What is true about brain waves?
theta waves are lower in energy than alpha waves
Now middle-aged, a man can still remember his exploits on the football field when he was in high school and he is more than willing to discuss these memories with his children. The information that is the basis for his recollection is part of his (blank) memory
episodic
A 3 years old loves sports. Her mom recently taught her how to catch a big beach ball and now her dad it teach her how catch a small tennis ball. At first, she tries to “surround” the tennis ball with her arms, the way she did the beach ball. She slowly learns to use her hand. This is?
accommodation
Your nephew loves to read science fiction. He particularly likes works in which alternative worlds are described and he has begun writing his own story set in a world where good triumphs over evil, and cunning wins out over treachery. Your nephew is probably in the (blank) stage of cognitive development
formal operational
Every night at supper time, a telemarketer calls people and tries to get them to buy things that they don’t need. On average, he makes a sale after every 72 calls. Every friday night he treats himself by buying a steak dinner with part of his earnings. The telemarketer’s success is on a (blank) schedule and his dining behavior is on a (blank) schedule
variable-ration, fixed-interval
What describes the interrelation of concentration and attention?
perceptual load model
What memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye?
iconic
According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?
“Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong.”
