Psychology Unit 4 Flashcards
What are the assumptions of the humanistic–positive perspective of personality?
We have a natural interest in becoming the best person possible (self-actualization) - Maslow and Rogers - strive toward growth and fulfillment through unconditional positive regard (real self, ideal self)
What are the assumptions of the psychoanalytic perspective of personality?
Our personality resides in the unconscious and early childhood experiences lay the foundation for adult personality
What are the tenets of psychoanalysis?
Freud - unconscious, preconscious, conscious
According to Freud, what are the three distinct “provinces,” or regions, that involve control and regulation of impulses? How do they differ from each other?
Id (based on pleasure-desire, impulse driven, “Do it:, developed at birth), ego (Based on realistic constraints, sense of “self”, “me” and “i”, developed at 2 or 3 years old), superego (Based on what should be, right-wrong (conscience), impulse control, “Don’t do it”, developed at 3 or 4 years old)
How is the concept of “psychological mechanisms” defined? How do they operate?
the internal and specific cognitive, motivational, or personality systems that solve specific problems of survival and reproduction (ie Trust (survival) → conscientiousness and agreeableness (psychological mechanism))
How are the different defense mechanisms described in the book?
unconscious strategies the mind use it protect itself from anxiety by denying and destroying reality in some way
- Repression - unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness
- Reaction formation - occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse is turned into its opposite (ie homophobia and how sometimes they have a fear of their own homosexual impulses)
- Projection - people deny particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and project them onto others (ie a many may desire a married women but instead of recognizing his feeling he projects his desire onto the women and believes that she is seducing him)
What are the main components of Carl Jung’s psychoanalytic perspective of personality?
- personal unconscious - the form of consciousness that consists of all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives
- collective unconscious - form of consciousness that consists of shared universal experiences of our ancestors - God, mother, life, death, water, earth, aggression, survival - that have been passed down from generation to generation
- Archetypes : shadow (dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves), anima (female part of male personality), animus (male part of female personality)
According to Carl Jung, what is the origin of archetypes?
(ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences)
What is the focus of Karen Horney’s psychoanalytic theory?
neurosis originates into basic hostility (anger or rage that originates in childhood and stems from fear of being neglected or rejected by one’s parents) and basic anxiety (a feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile) , defenses against anxiety include 1) moving toward others 2) moving against others 3) moving away from others
According to the book, how does Abraham Maslow characterize self-actualizing people?
1) spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness: appear childlike in ability to be spontaneous and straightforward 2) problem-centered: experience moments of profound personal importance or personal meeting (“peak experiences”) and these experiences shape their lives 3)creativity: readily solve problems with originality and novelty 4) deep interpersonal relations: have few but profound relationships 5) resistance to enculturation: less likely than most ot be influenced by ideas and attitudes of others, don’t looks to others for guidance on what to think or how to behave
What are the main assumption of Carl Roger’s form of psychotherapy?
people naturally strive toward growth and fulfillment and need unconditional positive regard for that to happen
How does Carl Rogers define psychological adjustment?
congruence between the real and ideal selves
What is the core idea behind positive psychology?
Positive psychology: focus on positive states and experiences, such as hope, optimism, wisdom, creativity, spirituality, and positive emotions
According to Robert McCrae (1949) and Paul Costa (1942), what are the two primary components of the Big Five theory?
basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations
In the context of the Big Five, what do basic tendencies refer to?
underlying, innate dispositions or predispositions that shape an individual’s behavior across various situations
From an evolutionary perspective, what do physical and psychological mechanisms refer to?
- Psychological mechanisms - the internal and specific cognitive, motivational, or personality systems that solve specific problems of survival and reproduction
- Physical Mechanisms: boldly organs and systems that solve survival and reproductive problems (ie Disease/parasites → immune system)
What are the assumptions of the biological theories of personality?
assume that differences in personality are partly based on differences in structures and systems in the central nervous systems, such as genetics, hormones, and neurotransmitters
What does cortical arousal and sensory threshold refer to?
- Cortical arousal: refers to how active the brain is at a resting state as well as how sensitive it is to stimulation
- Sensory threshold: refers to how much of a stimulus is required for it to be perceived
What is the quantitative trait loci approach?
a technique in behavioral genetics that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors
What methods do behavioral geneticists use to examine the relationship among genetics, behavior, and personality?
gene studies (ie Quantitative trait loci approach and Genome-wide association study) and twin adoption studies (uncovers the degrees to which traits are influenced by genetic forces)
In the context of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach, what is the possible connection between dopamine and thrill seeking in humans?
People who are deficient in dopamine tend to seek out exciting situations as a way of increasing their dopamine release and making up for deficient levels of dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is associated with physiological arousal?
Dopamine is associated with physiological arousal
According to the book, what are the nongenetic determinants of personality differences among people?
1) Shared environment - consists of living conditions that individuals have in common, such as having the same parents, schools, and peers 2) non-shared environment - consists of living conditions that individuals do not have in common, such as having different parents, birth-order, schools, and peers 3) Error
What is a shared environment?
living conditions that individuals have in common, such as having the same parents, schools, and peers