Test Two

Question 1

What gene is associated with Turner Syndrome?

Answer 1

SHOX gene

Question 2

What genetic change causes DiGeorge Syndrome?

Answer 2

Deletion in the q arm of chromosome 22

Question 3

Mutations in which three genes can lead to Amelogenesis Imperfecta?

Answer 3

1. AMELX, 2. ENAM and 3. MMP20

Question 4

What two genes are associated with Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

Answer 4

1. COL1A1 and 2. COL1A2

Question 5

What gene is disrupted in Holoprosencephaly?

Answer 5

Sonic Hedgehog

Question 6

What gene is disrupted in Apert’s syndrome?

Answer 6

FGFR2

Question 7

What gene is disrupted in Carpenter’s Syndrome?

Answer 7

RAB23

Question 8

What gene is disrupted in Crouzon’s Syndrome?

Answer 8

FGFR2

Question 9

What gene is disrupted in Pierre Robin Sequence?

Answer 9

SOX9

Question 10

What are the four areas of study in the craniofacial complex?

Answer 10

1. Cranial vault, 2. Cranial base, 3. Nasomaxillary and 4. Mandible

Question 11

What is the most complex structure in the human skeleton?

Answer 11

Cranial Base

Question 12

What is the first region of the skull to reach adult size?

Answer 12

Cranial Base

Question 13

What are the three synchondroses of the cranial base called?

Answer 13

1. Spheno-occipital, 2. Inter-sphenoid and 3. Spheno-ethmoid

Question 14

When do the inter-sphenoid and sphenoid-ethmoid stop growing?

Answer 14

Around 7 years old

Question 15

What cartilage is associated with the growth of the maxilla?

Answer 15

The cartilage of the nasal capsule

Question 16

Where is the center of ossification for the maxilla?

Answer 16

Between the anterosuperior alveolar nerve and the inferior orbital nerve

Question 17

What two forces displace the maxilla downwards and forwards?

Answer 17

1. Push from behind from cranial base growth and 2. Growth of sutures

Question 18

During which week of development do the upper and lower joint cavities of the mandible form?

Answer 18

12

Question 19

What muscle displaces the mandible after it has been fractured?

Answer 19

Lateral Pterygoid muscle

Question 20

What are two examples of growth sites?

Answer 20

1. Sutures and 2. Condyles

Question 21

What is an example of a growth center?

Answer 21

Synchondroses

Question 22

What is primary cartilage?

Answer 22

Cartilage that is stimulated by systemic growth stimuli and is present in growth centers

Question 23

What is Secondary Cartilage?

Answer 23

Cartilage that must be acted on by local growth factors and is present in growth sites

Question 24

What theory of growth holds that mechanical strains cause the collagen crystals in bone to morph and modifies their signals to osteoclasts/osteoblasts?

Answer 24

Bioelectric Signals Theory

Question 25

What is Wolff's law?

Answer 25

That bones will adapt to the loads they are placed under

Question 26

What is the Mechanostat?

Answer 26

A theory that bone and muscle quantities correlate and that working out builds bones

Question 27

What is the Functional Matrix Theory?

Answer 27

That neither bone nor cartilage dictates the growth of the facial bones, but the soft tissue does.

Question 28

So what primarily affects mandibular growth?

Answer 28

Soft tissue changes