Quiz One Flashcards
Which pouches do not develop properly in DiGeorge Syndrome?
Pouches 3 and 4
Which organs are often missing or ectopic in DiGeorge Syndrome (3)?
Parathyroid/Thymus/Parafollicular Thyroid tissues
What causes DiGeorge Syndrome?
A deletion in the long arm of chromosome 22
What hormone is lost with hypothyroidism?
PTH
Should hypothyroidism occur, what changes occur in blood ions?
Calcium levels decrease and phosphorus decreases
Which cells detect deficiencies in Ca in the blood?
Chief cells in the parathyroid
How many AA make up PTH?
84
What allows vitamin D to help absorb Ca?
PTH
Which cells in which organ secrete Calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells, thyroid gland
What two ways does Calcitonin restrict Ca in the blood?
- Inhibits activity of osteoclasts and 2. Decreases resorption of Ca in kidneys
What is the name given to the merged pulmonary artery and aorta in DiGeorge Syndrome?
Trncus arteriosus
What are the four pieces of the tetralogy of Fallot?
- Pulmonary stenosis, 2. Right ventricular hypertrophy, 3. Overriding aorta and 4. Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
Why do DiGeorge patients have a hard time fighting illness?
Due to their thymus glands being small or missing
During which range of developmental timing is the face developed?
4 and 10 weeks
What are the five prominences that merge to form the mouth/face?
- Unpaired frontonasal process, 2. Two maxillary swellings and 3. Two mandibular swellings
When do the nasal placodes appear?
5th week
When does the nasal pit form, and, as a consequence, forms the medial and lateral nasal processes?
6th week
What is the remnant of the intermaxillary process?
The philtrum
What forms during development to separate the nasal pits from the oral cavity?
The nasal fin
What does the nasal fin turn into?
The Oronasal membrane
What happens during the 7th week of development to the Oronasal membrane?
It dissolves and leaves an opening referred to as the primitive choana
What do the palatine shelves form when they merge with each other and the primary palate?
Secondary palate
What forms into the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Tongue buds
What is the name of the swelling that occurs in the fourth week of development in the midline?
Copula
What happens to the copula in the sixth week?
It is overgrown by the 3rd and 4th arches and the area is called the hypopharyngeal eminence
What nerve is in control of the majority of the tongue?
CN XII
What nerve innervates the palatoglossus muslce?
Pharyngeal branch of CN X
What supplies sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Lingual branch of CN V
What branch of CN VII supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani branch
What supplies innervation to the circumvallate?
CN IX
What week do salivary glands develop?
Week six
What nerve innervates the sensory of the parotid gland?
Auriculotemporal nerve of the mandibular branch of V3
What does parasympathetic innervation of the parotid?
CN IX
What does sympathetic innervation of the parotid?
Fibers from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
What innervates all small salivary glands above the oral fissure?
Greater petrosal branch of VII
What innervates all small salivary glands below the oral fissure?
Chordatympani branch of VII
At what pH does fluorapatite start to damage?
4.5
What is ACP?
Amorphous Calcium Phosphate - a fake saliva medication for dry mouth
During the seventh week of development, how many teeth begin to form?
10
Where did the neural crest cells that help form teeth migrate from?
Mesencephalon and Metencephalon
What are the three phases of tooth development?
- Bud, 2. Cap and 3. Bell
What is the name of the outgrowth that develops into the bud of the permanent tooth?
Small diverticulum
Where do the buds that form into the first permanent molars come from?
They are extensions of the dental lamina of the second primary molars
Where does dentin production begin?
At the inner enamel epithelium
What becomes the pulp of the developing tooth?
Inner mesenchyme
What are the three layers of the enamel organ?
- OEE, 2. Stellate reticulum and 3. IEE
What are the three stages of amelogenesis?
- Inductive stage, 2. Secretory stage and 3. maturation stage
What partially mineralizes the enamel matrix?
The Alkaline phosphatase
What is the name of the end of the crystals of the enamel matrix?
Tomes’ processes
What happens to the ameloblasts during the Maturation phase?
They become striated/have a ruffled border
What does the confluence of inner and outer enamel form?
Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath
What are the remnants of HERS called?
Epithelial rests of Malassez
What develops into cementoblasts?
Inner cells of the dental follicle sac
What do the outer most cells in the dental sac do?
Participate in Alveolar bone formation and help form the PDL
What is the first type of cementum that forms?
Acellular
What structures are partially incorporated into the PDL by fibroblasts?
Sharpey’s fibers
When does cellular cementum form?
When the tooth occludes with its partner in the opposite arch
What are the three modes of inheriting Amelogenesis Imperfecta?
- X-linked, 2. Autosomal dominant and 3. Autosomal recessive
What are the three types of Amelogenesis Imperfecta?
- Hypoplastic, 2. Hypomaturation and 3. Hypocalcified
What thickness, surface smoothness and hardness does Hypocalcified Amelogenesis Imperfecta have?
Normal Thickness, smooth surface and less hardness
What thickness, surface smoothness and hardness does Hypoplastic, pitted Amelogenesis Imperfecta have?
Normal thickness, pitted surface and normal hardness
What thickness, surface smoothness and hardness does Hypoplastic, generalized Amelogenesis Imperfecta have?
Reduced thickness, smooth surface, normal hardness
What thickness, surface smoothness and hardness does Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta have?
Normal thickness, chipped surface, less hardness and opaque white coloration
What type of genetic disorder is Dentinogenesis Imperfecta?
Autosomal dominant
Where do mutations occur to cause Dentinogenesis Imperfecta?
DSPP gene
What disease is connected to the appearance of bulbous crowns and small pulp chambers?
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Which vitamin deficiency can cause the enamel to appear spotty?
Vitamin A
What are the five principle stages in craniofacial development?
- Germ layer, 2. Neural tube, 3. Neural crest migration, 4. Organ system formation and 5. Final differentiation
What developmental defects causes closely spaced eyes, microcephaly, cleft lip and cleft palate?
Holoprosencephaly (HPE)
What is cebocephaly?
Single nostril
What is Hypotelorism?
Close-set eyes
What causes Trigonocephaly?
Premature closure of the suture between the frontal bones forming a triangle-shaped skull
What seems to be mutated in holoencephaly?
Sonic Hedgehog protein
What is the most common cause of mental retardation in the western world?
Alcohol
What causes fetal alcohol syndrome?
Deficiencies of the midline of the neural plate
What are the four things that disrupt the migration of NC cells?
- Alcohol, 2. Thalidomide, 3. Accutane and 4. Retinoic acid
What causes hearing loss in persons with Treacher-Collins?
Lack of formation of the ossicles
What are the two symptoms of Craniofacial microsomia or hemifacial microsomia?
- Deformed external ear and 2. Ramus of mandible and associated soft tissues are missing
What do patients with cleidocranial dysplasia lack?
Clavicles
What are the two hallmarks of Apert’s Syndrome?
- Craniosynostosis and 2. Symmetric syndactyly
What is the disease that is similar to Apert’s Syndrome?
Carpenter’s Syndrome
What is the most frequent craniosynotosis syndrome?
Crouzon’s Syndrome
What gene is defective in Crouzon’s Syndrome?
FGFR2
What operation can make the nasal airway larger?
LeFort III
What procedure can be done to move the midface forward without surgery?
Distraction Osteogenesis
What is strange about the inheritance of Pierre Robin sequence?
It usually is not inherited - results from genetic changes
How does a cleft palate affect the ear?
Fluid builds up there
What are two drugs that have been linked to cleft lip?
- Phenytoin and 2. Vitamin A and analogs (Accutane)
What are four drugs that have been linked to cleft palate?
- Phenytoin, 2. Vitamin A, 3. Corticosteroid antiinflamatory drugs and 4. Cigarette smoking
What device can be created to aid cleft lip/palate patients in feeding?
Obturator
What muscle causes the cleft palate to widen?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
What is a Latham device?
A device that pulls cleft lips/palates together as part of surgical reparation
When is surgery typically performed on cleft lip patients?
Before 12 months
When is surgery typically performed on cleft palate patients?
Before 18 months
What are the three cellular models of growth?
- Hypertrophy, 2. Hyperplasia and 3. Cellular excretion
What is the most important mechanism of growth?
Hyperplasia
What three cartilaginous precursors develop into the chondrocranium?
- Ethmoid prechordal, 2. Sphenoid hypophyseal and 3. Occiptal parachordal
What is the long shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
What are the bony knobs at the ends of long bones called?
Epiphysis
The maxilla, zygomatic, temporal and majority of the mandible are created by which bony ossification?
Intramembranous ossification
