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Orthodontics > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the combination of DNA, histones and other proteins that make up the chromosome?

A

Chromatin

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2
Q

What is the extended form of chromatin called?

A

euchromatin

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3
Q

What is the condensed form of chromatin called?

A

heterochromatin

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4
Q

What can be compared to “beads on a string”?

A

Euchromatin

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5
Q

What organelle divides and heads to the poles in mitosis?

A

Centrosomes

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6
Q

What does the centrosome consist of?

A

2 centrioles

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7
Q

What is the name of the microtubules that spread from the centrosomes?

A

Mitotic spindle fibers

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8
Q

What is the name of the connection site of the chromosome?

A

Centromere

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9
Q

What are the three types of tubules present in a dividing cell?

A
  1. Kinetochore (break chromosomes), 2. polar (support breaking chromosomes) and 3. aster (found near centrosomes)
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10
Q

What two subunits make up microtubules?

A
  1. Alpha tubulin and 2. Beta tubulin
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11
Q

What is the growth and the shrinking called of microtubules?

A
  1. Polymerization and 2. Depolymerization
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12
Q

What is the name of the proteins that move along the microtubule tracks?

A

Motor proteins

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13
Q

What energy do motor proteins use?

A

ATP

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14
Q

What is responsible for spindle formation, chromosome alignment and separation, and avoiding aneuploidy in the cells?

A

Motor proteins

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15
Q

What three phases make up interphase?

A

G1, S and G2

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16
Q

What shrinks and disappears during prophase?

A

Nucleolus

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17
Q

What marks the beginning of prometaphase?

A

The breakdown of the nuclear envelope

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18
Q

What are the four most common sites of metastisis?

A
  1. Lungs, 2. Liver, 3. Bones and 4. Lymph nodes
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19
Q

What is the term that describes chromosomes that can undergo crossing over?

A

Bivalent Chromosomes

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20
Q

What position allows crossing over?

A

Synapsis

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21
Q

What is it called when genetic material starts being transferred from strand to strand?

A

Chiasma

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22
Q

What cells make the germ line?

A

Primordial germ cells

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23
Q

What type of tumor can form from primordial germ cells?

A

Teratoma

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24
Q

What are immature male and female gametes called respectively?

A

Spermatogonia and oogonia

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25
Q

What are mature male and female gametes called respectively?

A

Spermatozoa and definitive oocyte

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26
Q

What prevents more than one sperm from fertilizing the egg?

A

The zona pellucida

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27
Q

When a zygote undergoes cleavage to divide into smaller cells, what are these smaller cells called?

A

Blastomeres

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28
Q

How many cells must be present for the young zygote to be termed a Morula?

A

32

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29
Q

What is it called when Down syndrome occurs due to a translocation of chromosome 21 onto 14?

A

Robertsonian translocation

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30
Q

What is Mosaicism?

A

When the extra chromosome 21 is lost throughout cleavage in some cells resulting in variations of Down’s syndromes

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31
Q

What is penetrance?

A

How much a genotype associates with its respective phenotype

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32
Q

What are the folds called in Down’s patients?

A

Epicanthal folds

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33
Q

What is it called when maxillary and mandibular teeth have a size discrepancy that will not allow proper occlusion?

A

Bolton Discrepancy

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34
Q

What is it called when there are 8 blastomeres and the outside ones become convex will the inners concave?

A

Compaction

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35
Q

What is PGD

A

Preimplant Genetic Diagnosis

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36
Q

What are the outer cells called in a developing embryo?

A

Trophoblasts

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37
Q

What are the inner cells called in a developing embryo?

A

Embryoblasts

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38
Q

What is the name of the water-filled cavity in the morula and how does it get there?

A

Blastocyst, Na/atpase pumps oriented basally

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39
Q

What are the two sides of the blastocyst called?

A

Embryonic versus abembryonic

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40
Q

What is it called when, at five days, the embryo gets rid of the outside covering of the trophocytes?

A

Zona hatching

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41
Q

When cells proliferate where they make contact with the endometrium of the uterus and congeal into a large mass of cytoplasm and nuclei, what is this called?

A

Syncytium

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42
Q

When does the embryo form the bilaminar disc?

A

Week two

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43
Q

What are the two layers of the bilaminar disc?

A
  1. Epiblast (primary ectoderm) and 2. Hypoblast (primary endoderm)
44
Q

When does the amniotic fluid appear?

A

Day 8

45
Q

When do syncitotrophoblasts almost completely cover the embryo?

A

Day 9

46
Q

What is the name of the area not initially covered with syncitotrophoblasts called?

A

Coagulation plug

47
Q

What do hypoblasts form at day nine?

A

The extraembryonic endoderm

48
Q

Once the blastocyst cavity is lined with hypoblasts, what is it called?

A

Heuser’s membrane

49
Q

As Heuser’s membrane forms, what else forms?

A

Extra embryonic mesoderm

50
Q

Once Heuser’s membrane forms, what is the cavity known as?

A

Primary yolk sack

51
Q

When do cytotrophoblastic lacunae make contact with maternal capillaries to take up blood flow?

A

Days 11-13

52
Q

What are the two names given to the extra outer cavity formed between days 12 and 13?

A

Extraembryonic coelom/chorionic cavity

53
Q

What happens with the yolk sack on day 12?

A

The primary yolk sac is ejected and the definitive yolk sac forms

54
Q

When does the primitive streak appear?

A

Week 3

55
Q

What three things constitute the primitive streak?

A

Primitive pit, groove and node

56
Q

What is it called when the epiblasts begin to proliferate on day 16?

A

Gastrulation

57
Q

What replaces hypoblasts?

A

Definitive endoderm

58
Q

Which two directions do the embryonic mesoderm cells migrate?

A

Laterally and cranially

59
Q

What do laterally-migrating mesoderm cells form?

A

Somites

60
Q

When is the notochordal process formed?

A

Day 17

61
Q

What is the thickening called along the primitive streak in the endoderm cells?

A

Prechordal plate

62
Q

What does the prechordal plate eventually form?

A

The mouth

63
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar disc?

A
  1. Ectoderm, 2. Mesoderm and 3. Definitive endoderm
64
Q

What are the names of the two depressions formed in the third week?

A
  1. buccopharyngeal membrane and 2. cloacal membrane
65
Q

When does the primitive streak disappear and what does it leave behind?

A

Day 26, caudal eminence

66
Q

When has the embryo divided into somatomeres?

A

Day 21

67
Q

Which direction does the notochord travel as it develops?

A

Caudal to cranial

68
Q

Which portion of the neural plate lengthens the quickest?

A

The caudal end

69
Q

What are the two layers that form as the neuronal tube closes?

A
  1. Roof plate and 2. overlying surface ectoderm
70
Q

What forms the interface between the two layers of neruonal cells?

A

Neural crest cells

71
Q

What day do neural crest cells migrate?

A

Day 24

72
Q

What transformation do neural crests cells undergo?

A

Epithelial to mesenchymal

73
Q

What is the fourth layer?

A

Neural crest cells

74
Q

What week does folding come into play?

A

Week 4

75
Q

What causes folding?

A

Differential growth

76
Q

What two important structures form cranial (?) to the oropharyngeal membrane?

A
  1. Cardiogenic area and 2. Septum transversum
77
Q

What does the septum transversum separate?

A

Abdominal and thoracic cavities

78
Q

What causes the locations of the cardiogenic area and the oropharyngeal membrane to switch places?

A

Forward growth of the neural plate - it causes translocation

79
Q

When does the closure of neural arches occur?

A

Week 11

80
Q

What is an outpocketing of brain called?

A

Encephalocele

81
Q

What type of spina bifida is the most severe?

A

Myelomeningocele

82
Q

What does somatic mesoderm develop into in pharyngeal arches?

A

The artery and the muscle

83
Q

What do neural crest mesenchymal cells develop into in pharyngeal arches?

A

Bone, cartilage and connective tissue

84
Q

The incus and the alisphenoid are both associated with which arch?

A

Arch one, maxillary process

85
Q

The meckle’s cartilage and the malleus are both associated with which arch?

A

Arch one, mandibular process

86
Q

What does the artery in the first arch turn into?

A

The maxillary artery

87
Q

What does the second arch cartilage give rise to?

A

Stapes, styloid process, syloid hyoid ligament and the lesser horn and upper rim of the hyoid bone

88
Q

What does the second arch artery turn into?

A

Stapedial artery

89
Q

What muscles does the second arch somatic mesoderm give rise to?

A

Muscles of facial expression

90
Q

Should a lateral cervical cyst form and not dissolve, what is the result?

A

Cervical cyst

91
Q

What do neural crest cells from arch three form?

A

Lower rim of hyoid bone and greater horn of hyoid

92
Q

What muscle develops from arch three?

A

Stylopharygeus

93
Q

What arteries form form arch three?

A

Common carotid and internal carotid

94
Q

What three arteries form from arch four?

A

Arch of aorta, right subclavian and original pulmonary

95
Q

Where are the muscles associated that develop from arch four?

A

Pharynx

96
Q

What two arteries form from arch six?

A

Ductus arterious and definitive pulmonary

97
Q

What muscles arise from the arch six?

A

Laryngeal constrictors

98
Q

What is the difference in inervation of arch four versus arch six?

A

Both are CN X, but four is superior laryngeal branch while six is recurrent laryngeal branch

99
Q

What does the first pharyngeal cleft develop into?

A

External auditory canal

100
Q

What do pharyngeal clefts 2, 3 and 4 develop into?

A

Nothing - they are obliterated

101
Q

What does the first pharyngeal pouch develop into?

A

Eustacian tube - middle ear canal

102
Q

What does the second pharyngeal pouch develop into?

A

Palatine tonsil

103
Q

What does the third pharyngeal pouch develop into?

A

Ventral/inferior - thymus, dorsal/superior - inferior parathyroid

104
Q

What does the fourth pharyngeal pouch develop into?

A

Dorsal - superior parathyroid, ventral - ultimobranchial body

105
Q

What does the ultimobranchial body do?

A

Induces neural crest cells to become parafollicular cells of the thyroid

106
Q

Where does the thyroid start forming?

A

At the end of the foramen cecum

Orthodontics (8 decks)

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