Test Review Ch 13,15, 16 Flashcards
1
Q
CNS
A
Brain and spinal cord
Processing centers
2
Q
PNS
A
Nerves
Sensory input and motor response pathways
3
Q
Spinal reflexes
A
Controlled by the spinal cord alone without input from brain ex dropping a hot pan.
4
Q
Enlargements of the spinal cord
A
Areas of the spinal cord that supply the limbs have more gray matter and are visibly wider
Cervical
Lumbosacral
5
Q
Cervical enlargement
A
Supplies shoulder and upper limb
6
Q
Lumbosacral enlargement
A
Supplies pelvis and lower limbs
7
Q
Conus medullaris
A
Tapered, conical end of the spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement
8
Q
Cauda equina
A
Nerve roots extending below the conus medullaris, looks like a horses tail
9
Q
Filum terminale
A
Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris, attached to coccygeal ligament
10
Q
Meningitis
A
Viral or bacterial infection of the meninges (DAP)
11
Q
Gray matter
A
Brain= outside
Spine= inside
12
Q
White matter
A
Brain= inside
Spine= outside
13
Q
Nuclei
A
Functional groups of gray matter
Sensory & motor
14
Q
Sensory nuclei
A
Located in the posterior gray horn
Receives info from the posterior root
15
Q
Motor nuclei
A
Located in the anterior gray horn
Sends info through the anterior root
16
Q
Ganglia
A
a collection of neuronal bodies (unmyelinated axons) found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of PNS
17
Q
Tract
A
Bundle of axons in CNS that relay same type of info in the same direction ( think train track of spinal cord)
18
Q
Ascending tracts
A
Sensory info headed towards the brain
19
Q
Descending tracts
A
Motor commands headed towards the body
20
Q
Epineurium
A
Outermost; network of collagen fibers
21
Q
Perineurium
A
Middle layer; separates nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)
22
Q
Endoneurium
A
Innermost; surrounds individual axons
23
Q
Spinal nerves
A
Emerge laterally from each segment
Form a junction with ant &post roots
Mixed nerves (motor & sensory)
24
Q
Peripheral nerves
A
Form from branching and re-sorting of spinal nerves
25
Nerve plexuses
Complex interwoven networks of nerve fibers, allows spinal nerves to supply the same structures
26
Four major nerve plexuses
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
27
Nerves of the Cervical Plexus
Great auricular , C2-C3 ear & neck
Lesser occipital, C2
Transverse cervical C3-C4 ant neck
Ansa cervicalis C1-C4 laryngeal muscles
Phrenic C3-C5 diaphragm
Supraclaviculars C3-C4
28
Nerves of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous C5-T1 flexor muscles
Radial C5-T1 extensor muscles
Median C6-T1
Ulnar C8- T1
Dorsal scapular C5 rhomboid & levatorscap
Subclavian C5-C6
Suprascapular C5-C6
Pectoral C5-T1
Subscapular C5-C6
Thoracodorsal C6-C8 lats
Axilary C5-C6 deltoid & teres
Medial antebrachial cutaneous C8-T1
Long thoracic C5-C7
29
Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
Iliohypogastric T12-L1abdominal muscles
Ilio-inguinal L1 lower abdomnial muscles
Genitofemoral L1-L2
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous L2-L3 thigh skin
Femoral L2-L4 upper leg muscles
Obturator L2-L4 lower leg muscles
30
Nerves of the sacral plexus
Superior gluteal L4-S2 hip muscles
Inferior gluteal L5-S2 butt
Posterior femoral cutaneous S1-S3 skin of back leg
Sciatic L4-S3 medial leg muscles
Pudendal S2-S4 perineal muscles, skin of lower genitailia
31
Five components of reflex arc
1. Sensory receptor
2. Sensory neuron
3. Info processing in CNS
4. Motor neuron
5. Effector
32
Reflex arc step 1
Stim activates receptor
33
Reflex arc step 2
Stim triggers AP in sensory neuron in via posterior root
34
Reflex arc step 3
Info processing in spinal cord @ interneuron
35
Reflex arc step 4
Interneurons trigger AP in motor neuron out anterior root
36
Reflex arc step 5
Motor neuron stimulates effector
37
Innate reflexes
Think instinctual, genetic formed before birth,ex chewing
38
Acquired reflexes
Rapid automatic learned responses, ex steping on the brake
39
Somatic reflexes
Control skeletal muscle contractions
Supfericial reflexes
Stretch/tendon reflexes
Immediate reflexes
40
Superficial reflexes of somatic
Stim in skin/ mucous membrane causes a muscle contraction ex bug landing on leg causes leg to kick
41
Stretch/ tendon reflexes
the contraction of a muscle in response to its passive stretching
42
Immediate reflex
Used in emergencies ex catching self when slipping
43
Visceral reflexes
Control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
44
Withdrawal reflex
Painful stim
In posterior root
Processing in cord
Out anterior root
Muscle effectors stimulated to release painful stim
45
Afferent division
Sensory, brings to (for processing)
46
Efferent division
Sends out (from processing), motor commands, effectors
47
Neural Adaptation
Reduction of receptor sensitivity in the presence of a constant stim
48
Tonic receptors
Always active
Slow adapting
Can be pain receptors
49
Phasic receptors
Provide info about intensity and rate of change of stim
Normally inactive
Fast adapting- respond strongly at first then activity decreases
50
Exteroceptor
Provide info of external environment
51
Proprioceptor
Report positions of skeletal muscles and joints
52
Interoceptors
Monitor internal organs and functions
53
Free nerve endings
Are branching tips of sensory neurons that respond to touch, pressure, pain, and temp
54
Root plexus
(Hair) made up of free nerve endings stimulated by hair movement
55
Lamellar corpuscles
Are sensitive to deep pressure and high frequency vibrations.
56
Nociceptors
Pain receptors, free nerve ending with large receptive fields
57
Nociceptors type A
Myelinated, carry sensation of FAST pain like prickling.
58
Nociceptor type C
Unmyelinated carry sensation of SLOW pain like burning or aching.
59
Tactile receptors
Class of mechanoreceptor, provides sensations of touch (shape or texture) pressure, vibration
60
Barorecptors
Type of mechanoreceptor
Detect pressure changes in blood vessels and in digestive, resp, urinary tracts
61
Proprioceptor
Type of mechanreceptor
Monitor positions of joints and skeletal muscles
62
Referred pain
Feeling of pain in an uninjured part of body when pain originates in another location. Visceral pain tend to manifest this way. Ex: a heart attack is frequently felt in the left arm.
63
Decussation
the action of intersecting or crossing (as of nerve fibers) especially in the form of an X see pyramidal decussation. : a band of nerve fibers that connects unlike centers on opposite sides of the nervous system.
64
2. The anterior roots of each spinal segment (a) bring sensory information into the spinal cord, (b) control peripheral effectors, (c) contain the axons of somatic motor and visceral motor neurons, (d) do both b and c.
D
65
Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because they (a) contain sensory and motor fibers, (b) exit at intervertebral foramina, (c) are associated with a pair of spinal ganglia, (d) are associated with posterior and anterior roots.
A
66
The adult spinal cord extends only to (a) the coccyx, (b) the sacrum, (c) the third or fourth lumbar vertebra, (d) the first or second lumbar vertebra, (e) the last thoracic vertebra.
A coccyx
67
Which of the following statements is false concerning the gray matter of the spinal cord? (a) It is located in the interior of the spinal cord around the central canal. (b) It functions in processing neural information. (c) It is primarily involved in relaying information to the brain. (d) It contains motor neurons. (e) It is divided into regions called horns.
B white matter functions for processing
68
The following are the steps involved in a neural reflex. (1) activation of a sensory neuron (2) activation of a motor neuron (3) response by an effector (4) arrival of a stimulus and activation of a receptor (5) information processing The proper sequence of these steps is (a) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2. (b) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2. (c) 4, 1, 5, 2, 3. (d) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2. (e) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2.
4,1, 5,2,3 c
69
A sensory region monitored by the posterior rami of a single spinal segment is (a) a ganglion, (b) a fascicle, (c) a dermatome, (d) a ramus.
Single of rami is ramus
70
The major nerve of the cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm is the (a) median nerve, (b) axillary nerve, (c) phrenic nerve, (d) common fibular nerve.
Phrenic c
71
The genitofemoral, femoral, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves are major nerves of the (a) lumbar plexus, (b) sacral plexus, (c) brachial plexus, (d) cervical plexus.
A lumbar
72
The synapsing of several neurons on the same postsynaptic neuron is called (a) serial processing, (b) reverberation, (c) divergence, (d) convergence.
D convergence
73
The reflexes that control the most rapid, stereotyped motor responses to stimuli are (a) monosynaptic reflexes, (b) polysynaptic reflexes, (c) tendon reflexes, (d) extensor reflexes.
A monosynaptic
74
An example of a stretch reflex triggered by passive muscle movement is the (a) tendon reflex, (b) patellar reflex, (c) flexor reflex, (d) ipsilateral reflex.
B patellar knee jerk reflex
75
The contraction of flexor muscles and the relaxation of extensor muscles illustrate the principle of (a) reverberating circuitry, (b) generalized facilitation, (c) reciprocal inhibition, (d) reinforcement.
C
76
Reflex arcs in which the sensory stimulus and the motor response occur on the same side of the body are (a) contralateral, (b) paraesthetic, (c) ipsilateral, (d) monosynaptic.
C ipsilateral - same sides
contralat -opposite sides
Paraesthic - abnormal sesnation
Monosynaptic- direct, fast
77
Proceeding deep from the most superficial structure, number the following in the correct sequence: (a) _____ walls of vertebral canal (b) _____ dura mater (c) _____ subdural space (d) _____ epidural space (e) _____ pia mater (f) _____ arachnoid membrane (g) _____ subarachnoid space (h) _____ spinal cord
Think DAP
Walls of vert
Epidural
Dura
Subdural
Arachnoid mem
Sub arachnoid
Pia
S cord
78
List, in sequence, the five steps involved in a neural reflex.
Stim activates ap in receptor
Sensory receptors in via the poster root
Info processing
Activates motor commad out via anter root
Effector makes changes
79
Polysynaptic reflexes can produce far more complicated responses than can monosynaptic reflexes because (a) the response time is quicker, (b) the response is initiated by highly sensitive receptors, (c) motor neurons carry impulses at a faster rate than do sensory neurons, (d) the interneurons involved can control several muscle groups.
D
80
If the anterior horns of the spinal cord were damaged, what type of control would be affected?
Motor control
81
In which meningeal space is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found? What are the functions of CSF?
Subdural space, protect and support the spinal cord
82
What five characteristics are common to all polysynaptic reflexes?
1. Involve pools of interneurons
2. Involve more than one spinal segment
3.involve reciprocal inhibition
4.have reverberating circuits that prolong the motor response
5.several reflexes may cooperate to produce a coordinated controlled response
83
The subarachnoid space contains (a) cerebrospinal fluid, (b) lymph, (c) air, (d) connective tissue and blood vessels, (e) denticulate ligaments.
D ct and blood vess
Lymph is in the epidural space
Air is on the skin
Liagments are between the vert and dura mater
84
Side-to-side movements of the spinal cord are prevented by the (a) filum terminale, (b) denticulate ligaments, (c) dura mater, (d) pia mater, (e) arachnoid mater.
B
85
Ascending tracts (a) carry sensory information to the brain, (b) carry motor information to the brain, (c) carry sensory information from the brain, (d) carry motor information from the brain, (e) connect perceptive areas with the brain.
A
86
The larger the receptive field, the (a) larger the stimulus needed to stimulate a sensory receptor, (b) fewer sensory receptors there are, (c) harder it is to locate the exact point of stimulation, (d) larger the area of the somatosensory cortex in the brain that deals with the area, (e) closer together the receptor cells.
C
87
___________ receptors are normally inactive, but become active for a short time whenever there is a change in the modality that they monitor.
Phasic
88
The CNS interprets information entirely on the basis of the (a) number of action potentials that it receives, (b) kind of action potentials that it receives, (c) line over which sensory information arrives, (d) intensity of the sensory stimulus, (e) number of sensory receptors that are stimulated.
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