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human anamity > Lec Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Lec Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Preassigned question low calcium

A

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2
Q

Preassigned question high calcium

A

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3
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

-support
- storage of minerals and lipids
-blood cell production
-protection
- leverage-changes in movement

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4
Q

# bones in body

A

206

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5
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, spine, ribs

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6
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

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7
Q

Sutural bones

A

Small flat irregular bones of the skull, have sutural connections

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8
Q

Irregular bones

A

Have complex shapes ( short, flat, notched, ridged) ex- vertebrae

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9
Q

Short bones

A

Boxy ex-carpals&tarsals

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10
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin with parallel surfaces, ex -sternum, ribs scapulae

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11
Q

Long bones

A

Arms & leg bones

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12
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small round flat, develop within tendons of joints near knees, hands, feet

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13
Q

Sinus

A

Chamber within bone, normally filled with air

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14
Q

Foramen

A

Rounded passage way for blood vessels or nerves

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15
Q

Fissure

A

Deep furrow, cleft, or slit

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16
Q

Meatus

A

Passage, channel, opening of a canal

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17
Q

Canal

A

Duct or channel

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18
Q

Process

A

Projection or bump

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19
Q

Ramus

A

Part of a bone that forms an angle with the rest of that bone

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20
Q

Trochanter

A

Large rough projection

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21
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge

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22
Q

Spine (bone marking)

A

Pointed process

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23
Q

Line (bone markin)

A

Low ridge

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24
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded projection

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25
Q

Tuberosity

A

Rough projection

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26
Q

Sulcus

A

Narrow groove

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27
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

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28
Q

Head (bone marking)

A

Expanded articular end of the epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck

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29
Q

Neck (bone markin)

A

Narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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30
Q

Facet

A

Small articular surface

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31
Q

Condyle

A

Smooth rounded articular process

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32
Q

Trochlea

A

Smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

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33
Q

Red marrow

A

Fill spaces between trabeculae, forms RBCs, contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion

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34
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Found in other parts of spongy bone, stores fat

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35
Q

Layers of the bone

A

Perisoteum
-fibrous
-cellular
Endosteum

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36
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane that covers the outside of bone
Outer layer-fibrous layer
Inner layer- cellular layer

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37
Q

Edosteum

A

Incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity responsible for bone growth

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38
Q

4 types of cells in bone

A

- osteocytes
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts
-osteogenic cells

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39
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix

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40
Q

Osteoblasts

A

‘Blasts build’
Immature cells that produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis

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41
Q

Osteoclasts

A

‘Catastrophic’ absorb and remove bone matrix

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42
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts, located in cell layer of periosteum and endosteum, assist in repair

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43
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation, bone matrix- 2/3 hydroxyapatite, 1/3 collagen

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44
Q

2 types of ossification

A

Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification

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45
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

How most bones form, develops inside hyaline cartilage

46
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Aka dermal ossification, occurs in the deeper layer of the dermis ex clavicle, madible

47
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Aka the growth plate, is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that lies between the epiphysis and metaphysis.

48
Q

Epiphyseal closure

A

When the bone growth has completed maturity, different bones at different rates latest being 25 yo, and epiphyseal line remains.

49
Q

Appositional growth

A

Developing bone increases in diameter at the outer surface

50
Q

Bine remodeling

A

Continuously recycles and renews the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix
Removal>addition=bone loss
Removal

51
Q

Effects of exercise on bones

A

The more stress on bone the stronger it becomes and bones that are not stressed become weaker

52
Q

Open/compound fracture

A

Bone breaks through the skin

53
Q

Closed/simple fracture

A

Are completely internal skin not broken by break.

54
Q

4 steps of fracture repair

A

1. Fracture hematoma formation- forms large blood clot, establishes fibrous network, bone cells die
2. Callus formation- cells of endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into fracture zone, callus stabilizes the break
3. Spongy bone formation- osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone
4. Compact bone formation-repaired bone maybe slightly thicker and stronger than normal

55
Q

Fracture hematoma formation

A

Forms large blood clot, establishes fibrous network, bone cells die

56
Q

Callus formation

A

Cells of the endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate into the fracture zone, calluses stabilize the break

57
Q

Spongy bone formation

A

Osteoblasts replace central cartilage of external callus with spongy bone

58
Q

Compact bone formation

A

Repaired bone may be slightly thicker and stronger than normal

59
Q

Osteopenia

A

Inadequate ossification (reduction of bone mass)

60
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Severe loss of bone mass, compromises normal function where bones break very easily

61
Q

ossicles (Auditory)

A

3 tiny bones within each ear, transfer sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear

62
Q

Sinus

A

Air filled chambers in the skull

63
Q

Functions of sinus cavities

A

- decrease weight of the bone
-line with mucous membranes which moisten n clean air
-help with speech production

64
Q

# cervical vert

65
Q

# Thoracic v.

66
Q

# lumbar v

67
Q

C1 name

68
Q

C2 name

69
Q

Bones of pectoral girdle

A

Clavicles, scapulae

70
Q

Bones of the pelvic girdle

A

Hip/coxal bone
-illium
-ischium
-pubis

71
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

A fibrous sheet that connects the ulna to the radius

72
Q

Metacarpals

A

Long bones in the hands numbering starts at the thumb (pollux)1-pinky 5

73
Q

Thumb finger is called

74
Q

Metatarsals

A

Long bones in the feet numbering starts from big toe ( hallux) 1- pinky toe 5

75
Q

Phalanges

A

Ends of fingers n toes have proximal, medial, distal 1-5

76
Q

Big toe is called

77
Q

3 structural joints

A

Synarthrosis-immovable
Amphiarthrosis-slightly movable
Diarthrosis- free moving

78
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable joint

79
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

-slightly movable joint

80
Q

Diarthrosis

A

free moving

81
Q

Gomphosis

A

Is a synarthrosis that binds teeth to the bony sockets connected by the periodontal ligament

82
Q

Synovial joint

A

Permit wider range of motion, typically located at the ends of long bones

83
Q

Ligament

A

Are localized thickenings that support strengthen and reinforce joints

84
Q

Tendons

A

Connect fleshy part of muscle to bone around joint

85
Q

Bursae

A

Are small thin fluid filled pockets in connective tissues that reduce friction and absorb shock

86
Q

Circumduction

A

Rotate in a circular motion

87
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotation towards the outside of the body

88
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotation towards the inside of the body

89
Q

Supination

A

Turn to front facing

90
Q

Pronation

A

Turn to back facing

91
Q

Inversion

A

Twisting inwards

92
Q

Eversion

A

Twisting outward

93
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Pointing toes up extension of ankle

94
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Pointing toes down flexion of ankle

95
Q

Opposition

A

Moving thumb towards palm or other fingers

96
Q

Reposition

A

Returning to original position

97
Q

Protraction

A

Movement of body part anteriorly on horizontal plane

98
Q

Retraction

A

Movement of a body part posteriorly on horizontal plane

99
Q

Depression

A

Movement towards inferior

100
Q

Elevation

A

Movement towards superior

101
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending to the side

102
Q

Plane joint

A

Aka gliding, have slightly flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another ex claviclosternal joint

103
Q

Hinge joint

A

Angular motion on a single plane ex knee elbow

104
Q

Condylar joint

A

Have an oval face nestled in a depression on the opposing surface

105
Q

Saddle joint

A

Articular faces fit together like rider in saddle ex thumb joint

106
Q

Pivot joint

A

Permits rotation only ex c1/c2

107
Q

Ball and socket

A

Round head in a cup shaped depression triaxial ex shoulder, hip

108
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of joint

109
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease that occurs from wear n tear of the joint

110
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Is an autoimmune disease when an immune response attacks the joint tissues

human anamity (10 decks)

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