General Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of our bodies structures and location of those structures
Physiology
Study of how the human body works the cellular processes
Dorsal cavity
Holds the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal back like dorsal fin
Ventral cavity
Front cavity that holds everything but brain and spinal cord ventral-> front
Dorsal cavity holds the- - and - - cavities.
Cranial cavity-holds brain
spinal cavity - spine and spinal cord
The ventral cavity is split into….
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdomenopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity holds…
L& R pleural cavities- hold the lungs
Mediastinum/pericardial cavity- heart
Abdomenopelvic cavity divides into…
Abdominal cavity-stomach liver and intestines
Pelvic- bladder and reproductive organs
No distinct barrier between them
Visceral membrane
Lies atop the organs outermost layer
Parietal membrane
Lining of the cavity itself
Axial region
Head chest abdomen trunk basically
Appendicular region
Appendages arms and legs
Antebrachial
Forearm
Antecubital
Inner elbow
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Upper arm
Bucchal
Cheek
Carpal
Wrist
Cephalic
Head
Coxal
Hip
Crural
Shin
Cubital
Elbow
Dorsum
Back
Femoral
Thigh
Frontal
Forehead
Genicular
Knee
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar
Lower back
Mental
Chin
Orbital
Eye
Otic
Ear
Pectoral
Chest
Pedal
Foot
Plantar
Sole bottom of ft
Popliteal
Back of knee
Sural
Calf
Tarsal
Ankle
Vertebral
Back bone
Anatomical position
Body facing forward
Feet pointed straight ahead
Arms to the sides
Palms up or outward
There are three planes in which sections (cuts) can be made
Frontal, sagittal, transverse
Frontal
Separating front from back
Sagittal
R&L sides
Transverse
Top and bottom peices
Mid sagittal
Cut between the midline and distal line of the body
Anterior
In front of
Posterior
Behind
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Medial
Closer to middle line of body
Lateral
Further from middle
Superficial
Towards Outer surface of body
Deep
Closer to inside the body
Proximal
Closer to the trunk( attachment point) of body
Distal
Further from trunk (attachment point) of body
Right
Patients right your left
Left
Pts left your right
Types of matter
Solid, liquid, gas
The two fundamental components of the universe
Matter and energy
Matter
Occupies space and has mass
Energy
The ability to do work and make change
Atom
The smallest unit of matter capable of retaining the identity of an element during a chemical reaction.
Element
Is a substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical reactions.
The elements that make up 95% of all living material
CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
What are atoms made of?
Subatomic particles protons, neutrons, electrons.
What subatomic particles are in an atoms nucleus?
Protons and nuetrons
What subatomic particles reside outside the nucleus of an atom?
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic weight/mass
Is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
Atomic number
Is its number of protons.
Cytology
Study of cells
Eukaryotes
Cells found in all organisms except bacteria and viruses
Nucleus
Control center of the cell (brain)
Cytosol
Fluid material found in cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Gel like material that fills the insides of the cell.
Whats the difference between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a hard protective cell wall and animal cells have a semipermeable cell membrane.
Plasmalemma
Plasma membrane a semipermeable membrane of animal cells.
Organelles
Organs of the cell
Stem cell
Is an undifferentiated cell that can give rise to cells that will then specialize.
Totipotent stem cells
Is a true stem cell that can develop into any kind of cell that is found in the body even placenta.
Pluripotent stem cells
They can develop into any cell type except placenta.
Whats the difference between pluripotent and totipotent and multi-potent stem cells?
L
Multipotent stem cells
Stem cells that will follow 1 of 3 paths to become either form the endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm
Apoptosis
Beginning the process of cellular death
Differentiated cell
Cell that carries out a specific specialized function
Matrix
The environment outside the cell
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from high to low concentration. Movement is automatic does not use energy.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water “ water always goes to where there is less water”
Solvent
Is the liquid in which a substance is dissolved
Solute
Is the substance dissolved in the solvent
In a 1% saline solution what is the solute and solvent?
1% salts (solute) 99% water (solvent)
Water is a polar molecule that will not pass through ?
The lipid bylayer
“Water always goes to….
Where there is less water”
Isotonic solution
Same concentration of solute and solvent as found inside a cell
1% saline solution is isotonic
Equal flow of water into and out of the cell
Hypotonic solution
Hypo (less than/below)
Has a lower solute concentration than that of the cell
Cell swells
Ex distilled water 100% water
Hypertonic solution
Hyper- more than
Higher solute concentration than the cell
Cell shrinks
Ex 10% saline solution
Give an example of and isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions.
1% saline
10% saline
Distilled water
What happens to the cell in isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions?
Iso- cell stays the same
Hyper- cell shrinks
Hypo- cell swells
Active transport
Occurs across a semipermeable membrane moving from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Basically acts in the opposite of diffusion and why it takes energy to do so.
What is the largest cellular organelle?
The nucleus makes up 10% of the cell.
Nuclear enevelope
Is the outermost layer of the nucleus and is composed of a double layer membrane barrier.
Perinuclear space
Is the fluid filled space between the membranes of the nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
A clear viscous material that forms the matrix in which the subnuclear bodies are embeded
Pinocytosis
Droplets of liquid are brought into the cell
Phagocytosis
Cell membrane extends around a molecule engulfing it into the cell
Active transport
Molecules are pumped from areas of low concentration to high concentration
Exocytosis
Molecules are released from the cell by a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane.
