FAP ch 4 Flashcards
1
Q
types of tissue
A
-ET Epithelial tissue
-CT connective tissue
- adipose tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue
2
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, and forms glands.
3
Q
connective tissue
A
fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials, and stores energy.
4
Q
muscle tissue
A
is specialized for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles, the heart muscles, and muscular walls of hollow organs
5
Q
nervous tissue
A
carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
6
Q
epithelia ( s. epithelium)
A
layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
7
Q
(epithelial tissue) glands
What they do?
A
structures that produce fluid secretions
8
Q
functions of epithelial tissue
A
- provide physical protection
- control permeability
-provide sensation
-produce specialized secretions
9
Q
characteristics of epithelial tissue
A
- polarity ( apical and basal surfaces)
- cellularity (cell junctions)
-attachment (basement membrane) - avascularity ( avascular)
- regeneration
10
Q
specialization of epithelial cells
A
- protection- move fluids over epithelium
- permeability- move fluids through the epithelium
- protection& messages- produce secretions
11
Q
apical surface contains
A
- microvilli- increase absorption or secretion
- cilla- move fluids
12
Q
basolateral surface
A
includes both the base and lateral surfaces where the integrity of the epithelia is maintained and repaired by intercellular connections, attachment to the basement membrane.
13
Q
CAMs Cell adhesion molecules
A
transmembrane proteins interconnect opposing plasma membranes by binding to each other and to extracellular materials
14
Q
cell junctions
A
are specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach to another cell of extracellular material.
15
Q
gap junction
A
-allow rapid communication
- cells held together by connexons- interlocking transmembrane proteins
-allow small molecules to pass
-coordinate contractions in heart muscle
16
Q
tight junctions
A
-between 2 plasma membranes
- adhesion belt attaches to terminal web
- prevent passage of water and solutes
- keep enzymes, acids, and wastes in the lumen of the digestive tract
17
Q
desmosomes
A
CAMs and protoglycans link opposing plasma membranes
18
Q
spot desmosomes
A
tie cells together and allow bending and twisting
19
Q
hemidesmosomes
A
attach cells to the basement membrane
20
Q
the inner surface of each epithelium is attached to a 2-part basement membrane composed of …
A
Basal lamina and reticular lamina
21
Q
basal lamina
A
closest to the epithelium
22
Q
reticular lamina
A
deeper portion of the basement membrane and provides strength
23
Q
ET maint. and repair
A
ET cells are replaced by continual division of stem cells
24
Q
classification of ET based on shape
A
-squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
25
squamous
thin and flat
26
cuboidal
cubed but on microscope is square shaped
27
columnar
columns, tall and slender rectangles
28
classifaction of ET based on layers
-simple ET
-stratified ET
29
simple ET
single layer of cells
30
stratified ET
several layers of cells
31
simple squamous ET
single layer flat and thin. Is the body's most delicate type of ET, located in regions where absorption/diffusion take place, or where slick/slippery suface reduces friction.
32
mesothelium
lines body cavities, ex. lungs, heart, abdominal
33
endothelium
forms the inner linning of the heart and blood vessels
34
stratified squamous ET
multilayered thin/flat cells. Protects against mechanical stresses, and keratin adds strength and water res. Found where mechanical stresses are severe and on exposed body surfaces ex mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina.
35
simple cuboidal ET
provides limited protection and occurs where secretion and absorption take place. Makes up glands and lines portions of the kidney tubules.
36
stratified cuboidal ET
relatively rare, located along the ducts of sweat glands and in mammary glands.
37
transitional ET
is an unusual stratified ET because its cells can change between being squamous and cuboidal in shape, the appearance changes as stretching occurs ex urinary bladder.
38
simple columnar ET
typically found where absorption and secretion take placeand protect against chemical stresses ex stomach and intestines
39
pseudostratified columnar ET
found in the respiratory tract, several varying types of cells of different shapes and functions.
40
stratified columnar ET
multiple layers of columnar cells, relatively rare, provides protection in the pharynx, anus and urethra
41
glandular ET
gland cells that are specialized for secretion
42
glands (glandular ET)
collections of ET cells that produce secretions
43
endocrine glands
release hormones that enter the bloodstream, no ducts
44
exocrine glands
produce exocrine secretions, discharge secretions through ducts onto ET surfaces
45
classifying exocrine glands by structure
-unicellular glands
-multicellular glands
46
goblet cells
unicellular exocrine glands that are specialized for secretion
47
multicellular exocrine glands are classified by
A. Structure of the duct
- simple undivided
-compound divided
B. Shape of the secretory portion of the gland
-tubular
-alveolar/ acinar (blind pockets)
C. Relationship between ducts and glandular areas
-branched
48
methods of secretion
-merocrine
-apocrine
-holocrine
49
merocrine secretion
released by secretory vesicles exocytosis ex sweat glands
50
apocrine secretion
released by shedding cytoplasm ex mammary glands
51
holocrine secretion
Released by cells bursting, killing the gland cells which are replaced by stem cells. Ex sebaceous glands
* think holocaust.
52
types of secretion produced by exocrine glands
-serous glands
-mucous glands
-mixed exocrine glands
53
serous glands
secrete a watery solution that contains enzymes ex parotid salivary glands
54
mucous glands
secrete mucins that hydrate to form mucus ex sublingual salivary and submucosal glands of the small intestines
55
mixed exocrine glands
contain more than one type of gland cell both mucous and serous ex submandibular salivary glands
56
connective tissue
fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials, and stores energy.
57
components of CT
- specialize cells
-extracellular protein fibers
-fluid called ground substance
58
matrix
consist of the extracellular fibers and ground substance that surrounds the cells, makes up the majority of CT volume and determines cells specialized function
59
Functions of CT
-Establishing a structural framework for the body
-Transporting fluids & dissolved materials
-Protecting delicate organs
-Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue
-Storing energy reserves, triglycerides
- Defending the body from invading microoganisms
60
Categories of CT
- CT Proper-connect & protect
-Fluid CT- transport
- Supporting CT- structual strength
61
Categories of CT proper
-Loose CT- more ground substance, fewer fibers ex adipose tissue
-Dense CT-more fibers, less ground substance ex tendons
62
Cells of CT proper
- Fibroblasts
- Fibrocytes
- Adipocytes
- Mesenchymal cells
- Melanocytes
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- Lymphocytes
- Microphages
63
Fibroblasts
only cells that are always present in CT, most abundant. secrete proteins and hyaluronan- 'cell cement'
64
Fibrocytes
2nd most abundant cell type, spindle-shaped that maintain CT fibers differentiate from (made from) fibroblasts
65
Adipocytes
fat cells, each store a single fat droplet
66
Mesenchymal cells
stem cells that respond to injury or infection differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages and other cells
67
Melanocytes
Synthesize and store melanin, brown pigment
68
Macrophages
*Think white blood cells.
Large phagocytic cells of the immune system that engulf pathogen and damaged cells
- fixed - stay in the CT
- free- 'floating' migrate
69
Mast cells
circulate in the blood of CT
Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection by releasing histamine (inflammatory) and heparin (anticoagulant)
Contain Basophils- blood cells leukocytes that enter damaged tissues and enhance the inflammation process.
70
Lymphocytes
immune cells that migrate throughout the body and may develop into plasma cells to produce antibodies to protect from pathogens
71
Microphages
are phagocytic blood cells such as neutrophils and eosinphils that move through the Ct in small numbers and attracted to signals from macrophages and mast cells
72
Types of CT fibers
- Collagen fibers
- Reticular fibers
- Elastic fibers
73
collagen fibers
- most common
- Long ,straight, unbranched
- strong &flexible
- resist force in one direction
- Abundant in tendons and ligaments
*Think strand of rope
74
Reticular fibers
* think network
- form a network of interwoven fibers called stroma
- strong& flex
-resist forces in multi direction
-stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures
75
Elastic Fibers
- contain protein elastin
- branched and wavy
- return to original length after stretching
76
Ground substance
is clear, colorless, viscous and fills spaces between cells that also slows movement of pathogens
77
Loose CT
'Packing materials' fills spaces between organs, cushions cells, and support epithelia
includes mucous CT, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
78
Embryonic CT
Type of loose CT Not found in adults
-Mesenchyme- first CT in embryos
-Mucous CT- whartons jelly- loose CT
79
Types of loose CT found in adults
- areolar tissue
- adipose tissue
- reticular tissue
80
Areolar tissue
-the least specialized, open framework
- viscous ground substance
- elastic fibers
- hold the capillary beds
ex subcutaneous layer of skin
81
Adipose tissue
-adipocytes in adults do not divide, expand to store fat, shrink as fat is released
-mesenchymal cells divide and differentiate into fat cells to produce more when storage is needed
-provides padding and absorbs shocks, insulates and packing or filler around structures
-may only be removed/destroyed via liposuction but more can be created.
82
Brown Fat
part of adipose tissue found in babies and young children, more vascularized, adipocytes have many mitochondria
83
Reticular tissue
- provides support
- reticular fibers form a complex 3d stroma
-support function cells of organs
- found in liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
84
Dense CT
aka collagenous tissues because it contains many collagen fibers
3 types
- D. regular
- D. irregular
- elastic
85
D. Reg CT
tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers such as tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
86
tendons
attach muscles to bones
87
ligaments
connect one bone to another and stabilize organs
88
aponeuroses
are tendinous sheets that attach a broad, flat muscle to another structure
89
D. Irreg CT
form an interwoven meshwork in no consistent pattern
-provides strength to dermis
- forms sheath around cartilages (perichondrium) and bones (periosteum)
-forms capsules around some organs eg liver, kidneys, spleen
90
Elastic tissue
made of elastic fibers ex elastic ligaments of the spinal vertebrae
91
Fasciae (s. fascia)
CT layers and wrappings that support and surround organs
92
Three layers of Fasciae
-Superficial fascia
-Deep fascia
-Subserous fascia
93
Superficial fascia
Separates skin from underlying tissues
94
Deep fascia
sheets of D. reg. CT
95
Subserous fascia
Lies between deep fascia and serous membranes that line the body cavities
96
Fluid CT
-blood
-lymph
97
Blood
-contains a watery matrix called plasma
98
- Plasma
contains cells and cell fragments called formed elements
- RBCs- erythrocytes
-WBCs- leukocytes
- platelets
99
lymph
forms as interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels
-monitored by the immune system
-returned to veins near the heart
100
supporting CT
include cartilage and bone
101
cartilage
-provides shock absorption & protection
-matrix is a firm gel that contains polysaccharide derivatives called chondroitin sulfates
-cells in the matrix are chondrocytes in chambers called lacunae
102
cartilage structure
-avascular- produce antiangiogenesis factor that discourages formation of blood vessels
-perichondrium
103
perichondrium has 2 distinct layers
-outer fibrous layer got support & protection
-inner cellular layer for growth & maint.
104
Types of cartilage
- hyaline
-elastic
-fibro
105
hyaline cartilage
-most common, tough somewhat flex, reduces friction between bones and found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, trachea
106
elastic cartilage
supportive but bend easily found in external ear and the epiglottis
107
fibrocartilage
very durable/tough, limits movement, prevents bone to bone contact, found around joints, between pubic bones and spinal vertabrae
108
Types of cartilage growth
-interstitial
-appositional
109
interstitial growth
enlarges cartilage from within
110
appositional growth
gradually increases the size by adding to the outer layer
111
bone (osseous tissue)
for weight support resists shattering contains calcified bone, osteocytes, cancliculi periosteum
112
tissue membranes
- physical barriers
-line or cover body surfaces
- consist of ET supported by CT
113
4 types of tissue membranes
-Mucous membranes
-Serous membranes
-Cutaneous membranes
-Synovial membranes
114
mucosae (mucous membrane)
-lines the passageways that have external connections
found in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
115
lamina propria
is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue that forms part of the moist linings known as mucosa
116
serous membranes
line the sealed internal cavities of the trunk
117
cutaneous membrane
skin of the body
118
synovial membranes
line synovial joint cavities, lack ET
119
muscle tissue
specialized for contraction
120
3 types of muscle tissue
-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth
121
skeletal muscle tissue
large muscles responsible for body movement
-consists of long thin cells called muscle fibers
- cells don't divide, new fibers are produced by divisions of myosatellite cells
- aka striated voluntary muscle
122
cardiac muscle tissue
found only in the heart contracts the heart
-cells form branching networks connected at intercalated discs
-regulated by pacemaker cells
- aka striated involuntarily muscle
123
smooth muscle tissue
found in the walls of hollow, contracting organs ( intestines)
- cells are small spindle shaped , can divide and regenerate
-aka nonstriated involuntary muscle
124
nervous tissue
-specialized for conducting electrical impulses
-concentrated in the brain and spinal cord
125
types of cells in nervous tissue
-neurons
-neuroglia
126
parts of the neuron
-cell body- contains the nucleus and nucleolus
-dendrites-short branches extending from the cell body receive signals
-axon (nerve fiber)- tail- long thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing signals to their destination
127
2 stages of tissue injury
-inflammation/ inflammatory response
-regeneration to restore normal function
128
inflammatory response
- can be triggered by trauma (physical injury), or infection
- damaged cells release prostaglandins, proteins, and potassium ions
-damaged CT activates mast cells
129
process of inflammation
-lysosomes release enzymes that destroy the injured cells and attack surrounding tissues
-tissue destruction is called necrosis begins several hours after injury
130
necrosis
necrotic tissues and cellular debris-pus accumulate in the wound
131
abscess
pus trapped in an enclosed area
132
ability to regenerate varies among tissue types
-Soft tissues-ET, CT except cartilage and smooth muscle regenerate well and quickly
-Hard tissues- skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nervous tissues regenerate poorly if at all
- damaged cardiac muscle cells are replaced by fibrous tissue
133
aging and tissue structure
speed and effectiveness of tissue regeneration decrease with age, due to slowing repair and maintenance activity, hormonal alterations, reduced physical activity
134
effects of aging
chemical and structural changes
- thinner ET
-fragile CT
-increased bruising
-brittle bones
-cardiovascular disease
-mental deterioration
135
aging and cancer incidence
cancer rates increase with age
- 25% of all people in US develop cancer
-most cancer are caused by chemical exposure or environmental factors
- 40% are caused by smoke
-Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US
