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human anamity > FAP Ch 12 > Flashcards

FAP Ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Neurons
Neuroglia

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2
Q

Anatomical divisions of the Nervous System

A

CNS
PNS

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3
Q

CNS Central Nervous System

A

- Brain and Spinal cord
- Consists of nervous tissue, CT, and blood vessels
- functions to process and coordinate sensory data
- motor commands control activities of peripheral organs
- higher functions of brain

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4
Q

PNS Peripheral nervous system

A

- nervous tissue outside of CNS and includes ENS
- delivers sensory info to CNS
- carries motor commands to body

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5
Q

Functional divisions of the PNS

A

- Afferent Division
-Efferent Division
-Receptors
-Effectors

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6
Q

Afferent divison

A

Carries sensory info from receptors in body to CNS

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7
Q

Efferent Division

A

Carries motor commands from CNS to body

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8
Q

Receptors

A

Detect changes or respond to stimuli
- may be neurons or specialized cells
- may be singles cells or organs

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9
Q

Effectors

A

Target organs that respond to motor commands

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10
Q

SNS Somatic Nervous System

A

Control skeletal muscle contractions both voluntary and involuntary ( reflexes)

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System ANS

A

Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth and cardia muscle and glandular secretions

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12
Q

Sympathetic

A

Has a stimulating effect

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13
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Has a relaxing effect

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14
Q

Enteric Nervous System ENS

A

Initiates and coordinates visceral reflexes locally without instructions from CNS

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15
Q

Neuron cell body

A

Soma

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16
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

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18
Q

Initial segment

A

Base of axon

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19
Q

Axon hillock

A

Thick region that attaches initial segment to cell body

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20
Q

Collaterals

A

Branches of the axon

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21
Q

Telodendria

A

Fine extensions of distal axon

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22
Q

Axon terminals

A

Aka synaptic terminal, part that sends action potentials

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23
Q

Structual classifications of neurons

A

- anaxonic
- bipolar
- unipolar
-multipolar

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24
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A

Small, appears to not have an axon but does, found in brain and special sense organs

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25
Bipolar neurons
Rare, one dendrite and one axon, found in special sense organs
26
Unipolar neurons
Axon and dendrites are fused, cell body is off to one side, sensory neurons of PNS
27
Multipolar neurons
Look like typical book neuron, have one long axon and more dendrites, common in the CNS
28
Functional classifications of neurons
- sensory - Motor - inter
29
Types of sensory receptors
-interoceptors -exteroceptors -Proprioceptors
30
Interoceptors
Monitor internal systems and internal senses
31
Exterocepters
Monitor external environment and complex senses
32
Proprioceptors
Monitor position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
33
Motor neurons
AKA efferent, Carry instructions from CNS
34
Interneurons
In the brain and spinal cord, located between motor and sensory, responsible for distribution of sensory info and coordination of motor activity, involved in higher functions
35
Neuroglia
Support and protect neurons
36
Types of neuroglia in the CNS
- Astrocytes -ependymal cells - oligodendrocytes -microglia
37
Astrocytes
Have large cell bodies with many processes Functions - maintain blood brain barrier (BBB) - create 3D framework for CNS - repair damaged nervous tissue - control interstitial environment
38
Ependymal cells
Epithelial cells that line the central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain. Produce and monitor CF
39
Oligodendrocytes
Have small bodies with few processes, cooperate to form myelin sheath
40
Internodes
Myelinated segments of the axon
41
Nodes
Of Ranvier lie between the internodes, not myelinated spots on myelinated axons, where axons may branch
42
Microglia
Smallest least numerous, have fine branched processes migrate through nervous tissue clean up the nero tissue
43
Neroglia of PNS
Insulate cell bodies and most axons Satellite cells Schwann cells
44
Satellite cells
Surround ganglia and regulate interstitial fluid
45
Schwann cells
Form the myelin sheath of PNS, many schwann cells sheath and entire axon
46
Wallerian degeneration
Axon distal to injury degenerates
47
Neural responses to injuries
Schwann cells form path for new growth and wrap around axon
48
Nerve regeneration in CNS
Limited by astrocytes which produce scar tissue and release chems that block regrowth
49
Membrane potential
All plasma membranes of any cell produce electrical signals by ion movements which is particularly important to neurons
50
Resting membrane potential
Happy cell, no membrane movement
51
Graded potential
Temp, localized change in resting potential caused by stimulus
52
Action potential
Is an electrical impulse produced by graded potential, propagates along surface of axon to synapse
53
Important concept of membranes
ECF Extracellular fluid and ICF (cytosol) have different ion compositions. ECF contains higher concentrations of sodium NA+ and CI- where cytosol ICF contains higher concentrations of potassium K+ and negatively charged protiens Inside - outside +
54
Current
Passive process of movement of charges to eliminate potential difference
55
Resistance
how much membrane passively restricts ion movement If res is high then current is low
56
Chemical gradients
Concentration of ions Na+ , K+
57
Electrical gradients
Charges are separated by cell membrane Inside - outside +
58
Electrochemical gradient
Sum of chemical and electrical forces acting on an ion across the membrane and a form of potential energy
59
Equilibrium potential
Membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across cell membrane K+=-90mV Na+= +66mV
60
Repolarization
When the stimulus is removed, mp returns to norm
61
Hyperpolarization
Results from opening K+ channels +’s move out, increasing negativity of resting potential
62
All or none principle
Any stim that changes mp to threshold will trigger ap or it wont, all ap’s are the same no matter how large the stim
63
Refractory period
From begining of ap, mp trys to return to resting state during which the membrane will not respond normally to additional stim
64
Propagation
Moves and ap along an axon in a series of steps
65
Continuous propagation
Affects one segment of an unmyelinated axon at a time

human anamity (10 decks)

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