Test Prep Flashcards
The ability to do work.
Energy
What energy is converted in the light bulb?
Electrical energy is converted to radiant energy and thermal energy.
What are the different types of energy this year?
Chemical energy, mechanical energy, thermal energy, and electrical energy.
What energy mist be added to the substance to cause a substance to change states?
Thermal Energy
One or more substances change to produce one or more different substances.
Chemical Reaction
If reaction proceeds in only one direction these are shown the left side of the equation
Reactants
The blank of this reaction are shown the right of the equation.
Products
Is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
Metabolism
The amount of energy needed to start the reaction.
Activation Energy
Reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place.
Catalysts
Is a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed.
Enzyme
These reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms are known as oxidation-reduction reactions.
Redox Reactions
A reactant loses one or more electrons thus becoming more positive in charge.
Oxidation Reaction
A reactant gains one or more electrons thus becoming more negative in charge.
Reduction Reaction
Are made primarily of carbon atoms.
Organic Compounds
With a few exceptions do not contain carbon atoms.
Inorganic Compounds
How many covalent bonds are carbon atoms made into?
4 covalent bonds
How many electrons can a carbon atom share?
two or three even
Influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.
Functional Groups
Many carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules.
Monomers
Is a molecule that consists of repeated linked units.
Polymer
Large polymers. Many types of these such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and, nucleic acids.
Macromolecules
Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction.
Condensation Reaction
Water is used to break down a polymer.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is the reverse of what?
Condensation Reaction
This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
What does the hydrolysis of ATP do?
Is used by the cell to provide the energy needed to drive the chemical reactions that enable an organism to function.
Are organic compounds composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom in a ration of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates
A monomer of a carbohydrate.
Monosaccharide
In living things two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar.
Disaccharide
Is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide
Are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Proteins
Like most other biological macromolecules, proteins are formed from the linkage of monomers.
Amino Acids
In this condensation reaction, the two amino acids from a covalent bond.
Peptide Bond
Amino acids often form very long chains.
Polypeptides
Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific blank, the reactant being catalyzed.
Substrate
The enzyme has folds or an blank with a shape that allows the substrate to fit into this.
Active Site
Are large non polar organic molecules.
Lipids
Phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments.
Triglycerides
Are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.
Fatty Acids
Have two rather than three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol.
Phospholipids
Is a type of structural lipid consisting of long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain.
Wax
Molecules are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them.
Steroid
Are very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell.
Nucleic Acids
Contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities.
Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)
Stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Is made of three main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and ring-shaped nitrogenous base.
Nucleotide
(-H) Is a part of a polar or non polar group depending on which atom hydrogen is bonded (usually polar if bonded to oxygen or nitrogen; non polar if bonded to carbon); involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. H-N (polar); H-O (polar); H-C (non polar, uncharged). Almost all organic molecules.
Hydrogen
(-OH) Polar involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
Hydroxyl
(-COOH) Acidic; negatively charged when the H of the carboxyl group dissociates; involved in peptide bonds. Amino acids, fatty acids.
Carboxyl
(-NH2) Basic; may bond an additional H become positively charged; involved in peptide bonds. Amino acids; nucleic acids.
Amino
(-PO4) Acidic; up to two negative charges when H dissociates; links nucleotides in nucleic acids; energy carrier in ATP. Nucleic acids, phospholipids.
Phosphate
Is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter
Matter
Is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Is the quantity of matter an object has.
Mass
Mass
Is the quantity of matter an object has.
Are substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.
Elements
Elements
Are substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.
Info about the elements is summarized on a chart known as.
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Info about the elements is summarized on a chart known as.
The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an.
Atom
Atom
The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an.
The central makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles.
Nucleus
Nucleus
The central makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles.
Proton
Positively charged.
Positively charged.
Proton
No charge.
Neutron
Neutron
No charge
Mass number
Is equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom.
Is equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom.
Mass number
Electrons
Negatively charged particles
Negatively charged particles
Electrons
Orbital
Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
Orbital
Orbital
Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are.
Isotopes
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are.
Compounds
Are made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions.
Are made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions.
Compounds
Covalent bond
Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Covalent bond
Chemical bond
Are the attractive forces that hold atoms together.
Are the attractive forces that hold atoms together.
Chemical bond
Molecule
Is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state.
Is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state.
Molecule
An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.
Ion
Ion
An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.
Hydrogen Bond
Is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.
Is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.
Hydrogen Bond
Cohesion
An attraction of like substances
An attraction of like substances.
Cohesion
Adhesion
Is the attraction between unlike substances.
Attraction of unlike substances.
Adhesion
Attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid.
Capillarity
Capillarity
Attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid.
Solution
Is a mix in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance.
Is a mix in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance.
Solution
Solute
Is a substance dissolved in the solvent.
Solvent
Is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.
Concentration
A solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.
A solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.
Concentration
Saturated Solution
Is one in which no more solute can dissolve.
Is one in which no more solute can dissolve.
Saturated Solution
Aqueous Solutions
Solutions in which water is the solvent are universally important to living things.
Solutions in which water is the solvent are universally important to living things.
Aqueous Solutions
Hydroxide ion
The OH- ion is known as
The OH- ion is known as
Hydroxide ion
Hydronium ion
The H3O+ ion is known as
The H3O+ ion is known as
Hydronium ion
Acid
If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions the solution is
If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions the solution is
Acid
Base
A substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions.
pH scale
It ranges from 0 to 14.
It ranges from 0 to 14 0 being acidic 7 being neutral and 10 being base.
pH scale
Buffers
Are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution.
Are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution.
Buffers
Anions
Atom gains electrons atom has net - charge
Cations
Atom loses electrons atom has net + charge
Atomic # of Hydrogen
1
Atomic # of Oxygen
8
Atomic # of Nitrogen
7
Atomic # of Carbon
6
High surface tension
The attraction of water molecules on the surface of water.
Universal solvent
Water dissolves many substances. Dissolves any substance with a charge. Forms a solution.
Expands when freezes
Ice like most other pure substances has a crystalline structure. The structure is more spread out than a liquid water.
High specific heat
Water’s ability to absorb a lot of heat before it gets hot. This makes water a good coolant.
When water dissociates it forms?
H+ ions and OH- ions
The concentration of a solution is the measurement of the amount of?
Solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.
Chemical energy
Stored in the bonds of the chemical substances. Potential energy of bonds is released and becomes kinetic energy.
Electrical energy
Reflects the movement of charged particles.
Mechanical energy
Energy involved in moving matter.
Exergonic reactions
Involve a net release of energy; the amount of energy released when new bonds form is greater than the amount of energy needed to break apart old bonds. Surplus energy is released as the reaction occurs.
Endergonic reactions
Involve a net absorption of energy. The energy is released when new bonds form is less than the energy needed to break apart old bonds.
Catalyst
A chemical substance added to the reactant to reduce the amount of activation energy.
Enzymes
Class of catalysts in living organism.
The breakdown of polymers involves.
Hydrolysis
ATP releases energy when?
A phosphate group is removed from it.
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
To form by removing water a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the second monomer. This creates openings for a new bond to be formed between monomers. The free -H and -OH groups then combine to make water.
Hydrolysis
To break apart by splitting with water, can split the polymer into individual monomers by adding water.
What are enzymes?
Most enzymes are proteins.
Catalysts
Chemical agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.
How do enzymes work?
Speed up the cells chemical reactions by lowering the free energy activation.
