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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ability to do work.

A

Energy

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2
Q

What energy is converted in the light bulb?

A

Electrical energy is converted to radiant energy and thermal energy.

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3
Q

What are the different types of energy this year?

A

Chemical energy, mechanical energy, thermal energy, and electrical energy.

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4
Q

What energy mist be added to the substance to cause a substance to change states?

A

Thermal Energy

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5
Q

One or more substances change to produce one or more different substances.

A

Chemical Reaction

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6
Q

If reaction proceeds in only one direction these are shown the left side of the equation

A

Reactants

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7
Q

The blank of this reaction are shown the right of the equation.

A

Products

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8
Q

Is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.

A

Metabolism

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9
Q

The amount of energy needed to start the reaction.

A

Activation Energy

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10
Q

Reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place.

A

Catalysts

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11
Q

Is a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed.

A

Enzyme

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12
Q

These reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms are known as oxidation-reduction reactions.

A

Redox Reactions

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13
Q

A reactant loses one or more electrons thus becoming more positive in charge.

A

Oxidation Reaction

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14
Q

A reactant gains one or more electrons thus becoming more negative in charge.

A

Reduction Reaction

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15
Q

Are made primarily of carbon atoms.

A

Organic Compounds

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16
Q

With a few exceptions do not contain carbon atoms.

A

Inorganic Compounds

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17
Q

How many covalent bonds are carbon atoms made into?

A

4 covalent bonds

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18
Q

How many electrons can a carbon atom share?

A

two or three even

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19
Q

Influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.

A

Functional Groups

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20
Q

Many carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules.

A

Monomers

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21
Q

Is a molecule that consists of repeated linked units.

A

Polymer

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22
Q

Large polymers. Many types of these such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and, nucleic acids.

A

Macromolecules

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23
Q

Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction.

A

Condensation Reaction

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24
Q

Water is used to break down a polymer.

A

Hydrolysis

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25
Q

Hydrolysis is the reverse of what?

A

Condensation Reaction

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26
Q

This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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27
Q

What does the hydrolysis of ATP do?

A

Is used by the cell to provide the energy needed to drive the chemical reactions that enable an organism to function.

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28
Q

Are organic compounds composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom in a ration of 1:2:1.

A

Carbohydrates

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29
Q

A monomer of a carbohydrate.

A

Monosaccharide

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30
Q

In living things two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar.

A

Disaccharide

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31
Q

Is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides.

A

Polysaccharide

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32
Q

Are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

A

Proteins

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33
Q

Like most other biological macromolecules, proteins are formed from the linkage of monomers.

A

Amino Acids

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34
Q

In this condensation reaction, the two amino acids from a covalent bond.

A

Peptide Bond

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35
Q

Amino acids often form very long chains.

A

Polypeptides

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36
Q

Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific blank, the reactant being catalyzed.

A

Substrate

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37
Q

The enzyme has folds or an blank with a shape that allows the substrate to fit into this.

A

Active Site

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38
Q

Are large non polar organic molecules.

A

Lipids

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39
Q

Phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments.

A

Triglycerides

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40
Q

Are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.

A

Fatty Acids

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41
Q

Have two rather than three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol.

A

Phospholipids

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42
Q

Is a type of structural lipid consisting of long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain.

A

Wax

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43
Q

Molecules are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them.

A

Steroid

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44
Q

Are very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell.

A

Nucleic Acids

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45
Q

Contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities.

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)

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46
Q

Stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins.

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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47
Q

Is made of three main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and ring-shaped nitrogenous base.

A

Nucleotide

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48
Q

(-H) Is a part of a polar or non polar group depending on which atom hydrogen is bonded (usually polar if bonded to oxygen or nitrogen; non polar if bonded to carbon); involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. H-N (polar); H-O (polar); H-C (non polar, uncharged). Almost all organic molecules.

A

Hydrogen

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49
Q

(-OH) Polar involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

A

Hydroxyl

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50
Q

(-COOH) Acidic; negatively charged when the H of the carboxyl group dissociates; involved in peptide bonds. Amino acids, fatty acids.

A

Carboxyl

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51
Q

(-NH2) Basic; may bond an additional H become positively charged; involved in peptide bonds. Amino acids; nucleic acids.

A

Amino

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52
Q

(-PO4) Acidic; up to two negative charges when H dissociates; links nucleotides in nucleic acids; energy carrier in ATP. Nucleic acids, phospholipids.

A

Phosphate

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53
Q

Is anything that occupies space and has mass.

A

Matter

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54
Q

Matter

A

Is anything that occupies space and has mass.

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55
Q

Is the quantity of matter an object has.

A

Mass

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56
Q

Mass

A

Is the quantity of matter an object has.

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57
Q

Are substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.

A

Elements

58
Q

Elements

A

Are substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.

59
Q

Info about the elements is summarized on a chart known as.

A

Periodic Table

60
Q

Periodic Table

A

Info about the elements is summarized on a chart known as.

61
Q

The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an.

A

Atom

62
Q

Atom

A

The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an.

63
Q

The central makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles.

A

Nucleus

64
Q

Nucleus

A

The central makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles.

65
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged.

66
Q

Positively charged.

A

Proton

67
Q

No charge.

A

Neutron

68
Q

Neutron

A

No charge

69
Q

Mass number

A

Is equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom.

70
Q

Is equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom.

A

Mass number

71
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles

72
Q

Negatively charged particles

A

Electrons

73
Q

Orbital

A

Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.

74
Q

Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.

A

Orbital

75
Q

Orbital

A

Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.

76
Q

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are.

A

Isotopes

77
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are.

78
Q

Compounds

A

Are made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions.

79
Q

Are made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions.

A

Compounds

80
Q

Covalent bond

A

Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

81
Q

Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

A

Covalent bond

82
Q

Chemical bond

A

Are the attractive forces that hold atoms together.

83
Q

Are the attractive forces that hold atoms together.

A

Chemical bond

84
Q

Molecule

A

Is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state.

85
Q

Is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state.

A

Molecule

86
Q

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.

A

Ion

87
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.

88
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.

89
Q

Is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.

A

Hydrogen Bond

90
Q

Cohesion

A

An attraction of like substances

91
Q

An attraction of like substances.

A

Cohesion

92
Q

Adhesion

A

Is the attraction between unlike substances.

93
Q

Attraction of unlike substances.

A

Adhesion

94
Q

Attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid.

A

Capillarity

95
Q

Capillarity

A

Attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid.

96
Q

Solution

A

Is a mix in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance.

97
Q

Is a mix in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance.

A

Solution

98
Q

Solute

A

Is a substance dissolved in the solvent.

99
Q

Solvent

A

Is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.

100
Q

Concentration

A

A solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.

101
Q

A solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.

A

Concentration

102
Q

Saturated Solution

A

Is one in which no more solute can dissolve.

103
Q

Is one in which no more solute can dissolve.

A

Saturated Solution

104
Q

Aqueous Solutions

A

Solutions in which water is the solvent are universally important to living things.

105
Q

Solutions in which water is the solvent are universally important to living things.

A

Aqueous Solutions

106
Q

Hydroxide ion

A

The OH- ion is known as

107
Q

The OH- ion is known as

A

Hydroxide ion

108
Q

Hydronium ion

A

The H3O+ ion is known as

109
Q

The H3O+ ion is known as

A

Hydronium ion

110
Q

Acid

A

If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions the solution is

111
Q

If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions the solution is

A

Acid

112
Q

Base

A

A substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions.

113
Q

pH scale

A

It ranges from 0 to 14.

114
Q

It ranges from 0 to 14 0 being acidic 7 being neutral and 10 being base.

A

pH scale

115
Q

Buffers

A

Are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution.

116
Q

Are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution.

A

Buffers

117
Q

Anions

A

Atom gains electrons atom has net - charge

117
Q

Cations

A

Atom loses electrons atom has net + charge

117
Q

Atomic # of Hydrogen

A

1

117
Q

Atomic # of Oxygen

A

8

118
Q

Atomic # of Nitrogen

A

7

119
Q

Atomic # of Carbon

A

6

120
Q

High surface tension

A

The attraction of water molecules on the surface of water.

121
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water dissolves many substances. Dissolves any substance with a charge. Forms a solution.

122
Q

Expands when freezes

A

Ice like most other pure substances has a crystalline structure. The structure is more spread out than a liquid water.

123
Q

High specific heat

A

Water’s ability to absorb a lot of heat before it gets hot. This makes water a good coolant.

124
Q

When water dissociates it forms?

A

H+ ions and OH- ions

125
Q

The concentration of a solution is the measurement of the amount of?

A

Solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.

126
Q

Chemical energy

A

Stored in the bonds of the chemical substances. Potential energy of bonds is released and becomes kinetic energy.

127
Q

Electrical energy

A

Reflects the movement of charged particles.

128
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Energy involved in moving matter.

129
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Involve a net release of energy; the amount of energy released when new bonds form is greater than the amount of energy needed to break apart old bonds. Surplus energy is released as the reaction occurs.

130
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Involve a net absorption of energy. The energy is released when new bonds form is less than the energy needed to break apart old bonds.

131
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical substance added to the reactant to reduce the amount of activation energy.

132
Q

Enzymes

A

Class of catalysts in living organism.

133
Q

The breakdown of polymers involves.

A

Hydrolysis

134
Q

ATP releases energy when?

A

A phosphate group is removed from it.

135
Q

Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

A

To form by removing water a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the second monomer. This creates openings for a new bond to be formed between monomers. The free -H and -OH groups then combine to make water.

136
Q

Hydrolysis

A

To break apart by splitting with water, can split the polymer into individual monomers by adding water.

137
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Most enzymes are proteins.

138
Q

Catalysts

A

Chemical agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.

139
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Speed up the cells chemical reactions by lowering the free energy activation.

Biology (12 decks)

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