Test Prep Flashcards
Hypothesis
Relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
What is the scientific method in order?
Observations, inferring, hypothesis, experiment, results & analysis, conclusion.
What can an inference lead to?
A hypothesis
Control
A standard of comparison
Conclusion
A statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.
Unicellular
Made of one cell ex: bacterium and paramecium.
Cells
The smallest units that can perform all of life’s processes.
Levels of organization
Cells, tissues, organs, organ system
Stimulus
A physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.
Homeostasis
Despite this, living organisms maintain a constant level of internal conditions.
Metabolism
The sum of all the of all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.
Adaptation
Is a way for an entire population of organisms to responds to long term changes in their surroundings.
Name the domain
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Classification vocab
is based on shared characteristics among groups
Carl von Linne
Father of taxonomy
Taxonomy
The science of classification
Classification levels
Domain: eukaraya, kingdom: animal, phylum: chordates, class: mammals, order: carnivores, family: canids, genus: canis, species: lupus
Reason for classification of organisms
we have consistency in how we refer to an organism
Eukaraya
have a cell structure that includes a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They can be unicellular or multicellular.
Archaea
are very unusual microscopic, unicellular organisms. They are able to survive in extreme environments.
Bacteria
are unicellular organisms that have been around for more than 3.5 billion years.
Why are there 3 domains?
Two distinctions within the monerans, a kingdom of bacteria in the older five- kingdom system. The discovery of these extremophiles necessitated the creation of a second category within the Monera kingdom.
Archaebacteria environments
Prokaryotic; lack nucleus and other organelles. Cell wall: lacks peptidoglycan; cell membrane: contains hydrocarbons other than fatty acids. Unicellular. Heterotrophic and autotrophic by chemosynthesis.
Eubacteria examples
Prokaryotic; lack nucleus and other organelles. Cell wall: contains peptidoglycans; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Unicellular; heterotrophic and autotrophic by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis.
Kingdoms with examples
Plant: sunflower, animal: lion, Fungi: mushroom, Protista: amoeba, paramecium, Eubacteria: E. coli, Archaebacteria: Extremophiles
Prokaryotes
Simple cells lack a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles and are unicellular
Eukaryotes
Complex cells with a nucleus and other membrane; they are unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular
the simplest forms of life are single celled
Multicellular
The more complex forms of life are made of many cells
Binomial Nomenclature
Is a two-word system for naming organisms.
Phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species. Phylo= related group. Geny= origin.
Cladistics
a biological system of classification based on phylogeny.
Cladogram
is a model of phylogeny of a species.
What do cladograms show?
Probable phylogeny of a group of organisms from an ancestral group.
Protista
Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: made of cellulose or other materials; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Mostly unicellular; multicellular forms: lack specialized tissue organization. Autotrophic by photosynthesis, some heterotrophic by phagocytosis, or both.
Fungi
Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: made of chitin; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Unicellular and multicellular. Heterotrophic by secreting digestive enzymes into environment.
Plants
Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: made of cellulose; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Multicellular; develop from embryos. Autotrophic by photosynthesis.
Animals
Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: none. Cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Heterotrophic by phagocytosis.
What is the major difference between plants and fungi?
Cell type, cell #, means of obtaining energy, and cell structure.
Distinguish between a species name and a common name
Species names are the same in all languages species name indicate the relationship to other organisms.
How does growth in living organisms differ from growth in non-living things?
Non-living things grow by accumulating more of the same material of which they are made.
Levels of organization
Cells-> tissues-> organs-> organ systems-> multicellular organism
Biological molecules
The chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions.
Cell division
Is the formation of two new cells from an existing cell.
Out group
An organism that is only distantly related to the other organisms being evaluated.
Cardiovascular system
The blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Lymphatic system
The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.
Circulatory system
The cardiovascular system and lymphatic system collectively make it up. They transport nutrients, hormones, and gases; gets rid of wastes; and helps maintain a constant body temperature.
Septum (walls)
Vertically divides the heart into two sides.
Atrium
The upper chamber of the heart.
Ventricle
The lower chamber of the heart.
Heart Valves
Are flaps of tissue that open in only one direction.
Semilunar Valve
Separates the ventricles from these large vessels on each side of the heart. The SL valve on the right side is known as the pulmonary valve and the SL valve on the left side is known as the aortic valve.
The Circulation in the Heart
1.) Deoxygenated (O2-poor) blood enters the right atrium. 2.) The right atrium sends deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle. 3.) The muscles of the right ventricle contract and force the blood into the pulmonary arteries. 4.) The pulmonary artery sends the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood. 5.) The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart. 6.) The oxygenated blood is then pumped into the left ventricle. 7.) Contraction of the muscular walls of the left ventricle forces the blood into a large blood vessel called the aorta. 8.) From the aorta, the thickest chamber of the heart because it has to do the most work to pump blood to all parts of the body.
Sinoatrial Node
Is a group of specialized heart-muscle cells located in the right atrium.
Atrioventricular Node
The AV node is located in the septum between the atria. The AV node relays the electrical impulse to the muscle cells that make up the ventricles.
Pulse
Is a series of pressure waves within an artery caused by the contractions of the left ventricle.
Arteries
The large, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Blood Pressure
The force that blood exerts against the inside walls of a blood vessel.
Hypertension
Is a leading cause of death in many countries. Is higher than normal places a strain on the walls of the arteries and increases the chance that a vessel will burst.
Capillaries
The arterioles branch into a network of tiny vessels.
Vein
Several venues in turn unite to form it.
Pulmonary circulation
In which the blood travels between the heart and lungs.
Systemic circulation
In which the blood travels between the heart and all other body tissues.
Lymph
Excess fluid in the tissues moves into the tiny vessels of the lymphatic system.
Lungs
Are the site of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood.
Pharynx
The throat
Epiglottis
When food is swallowed, a flap of cartilage, presses down and covers the opening to the air passage.
Trachea
A cartilaginous tube called the windpipe.
Larynx
At the upper end of the trachea is the voice box.
Bronchi
Each of which leads to a lung. The walls consist of smooth muscle and cartilage and are lined with cilia and mucus.
Bronchioles
The smallest of the bronchi which are also lined with cilia and mucus.
Alveoli
Eventually the bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs.
Inspiration
Is the process of taking air into the lungs.
Diaphragm
A large skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, flattens and pushes down on the abdomen.
Expiration
The process of releasing air from the lungs, the reverse movements take place.
Digestion
The process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use.
Gastrointestinal tract
A long winding tube which begins at the mouth and winds through the body to the anus.
Salivary Glands
The salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down some starch into the disaccharide maltose.
Peristalsis
A series of rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations.
Gastric Fluid
Carries out chemical digestion in the stomach; an inactive stomach secretion called pepsinogen is converted into a digestive enzyme called pepsin at a low pH.
Ulcer
The breakdown of the mucous layer is often caused by bacteria that destroy the epithelial cells, which form the mucous layer.
Cardiac sphincter
Is a circular muscle located between the esophagus and the stomach it closes to prevent the food from reentering the esophagus.
Chyme
During this time muscle contractions in the stomach churn the contents breaking up food particles and mixing them with gastric fluid this process forms this mixture.
Pyloric Sphincter
A circular muscle between the stomach and the small intestine regulates the flow of chyme.
Liver
Is a large organ located to the right of the stomach. It performs numerous functions in the body including storing glucose as glycogen making proteins and breaking down toxic substances such as alcohol.
Gallbladder
A sac like organ that stores and concentrates bile.
Pancreas
It acts as an endocrine gland producing hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. It serves two roles it produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid. Two pancreatic fluid raises the pH of the chyme from an acid to a base neutralizing stomach acid is important in order to protect the interior of the small intestine and to ensure that the enzymes secreted by the pancreas can function.
Small intestine
The entire length of it lies coiled in the abdominal cavity. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter the duodenum where they continue the chemical digestion of chyme. When the secretions from the liver and pancreas along with the chyme enter the duodenum they trigger intestinal mucous to release large quantities of mucus.
Villi
The highly folded lining of the small intestine is covered with millions of fingerlike projections.
Large intestine
The colon is the last step of digestion. Only nutrients produced by bacteria that live in the colon as well as most of the remainder of the water are absorbed. Slow contractions move material in the colon toward the rectum.
This organ is responsible for absorption of most nutrients.
Small intestine
This organ stores a yellow-green fluid responsible for emulsification of fats.
Gallbladder
Emulsification
Bile breaks up fat globules into tiny fat droplets.
Chemical digestion of starch (a carbohydrate) begins with secretions from these structures.
Salivary Glands
This gland secretes a mixture of digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
Pancreas
This organ is responsible for eliminating the waste products of digestion and absorbing water.
Large Intestine
This successive wave of esophageal muscle contractions is important in delivering food to the stomach.
Peristalsis
As this organ churns and mixes your food, special glands secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
Stomach
The stomach digests what?
Protein
This organ, the largest in the body, produces an important digestive fluid, bile. It stores important nutrients, and breaks down any toxic chemicals that enter the body.
Liver
4 major functions of the digestive system
- ) Ingestion (taking food in through the mouth)
- ) Digestion (mechanical & chemical breakdown of food into nutrients)
- ) Absorption of nutrients
- ) Defacation: elimination of waste
What are the 2 major cavities?
The ventral (belly-side) and dorsal cavity (back-side).
