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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Hypothesis

A

Relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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1
Q

What is the scientific method in order?

A

Observations, inferring, hypothesis, experiment, results & analysis, conclusion.

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2
Q

What can an inference lead to?

A

A hypothesis

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3
Q

Control

A

A standard of comparison

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4
Q

Conclusion

A

A statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.

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5
Q

Unicellular

A

Made of one cell ex: bacterium and paramecium.

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6
Q

Cells

A

The smallest units that can perform all of life’s processes.

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7
Q

Levels of organization

A

Cells, tissues, organs, organ system

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8
Q

Stimulus

A

A physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

Despite this, living organisms maintain a constant level of internal conditions.

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the of all chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

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12
Q

Adaptation

A

Is a way for an entire population of organisms to responds to long term changes in their surroundings.

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13
Q

Name the domain

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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14
Q

Classification vocab

A

is based on shared characteristics among groups

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15
Q

Carl von Linne

A

Father of taxonomy

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16
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classification

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17
Q

Classification levels

A

Domain: eukaraya, kingdom: animal, phylum: chordates, class: mammals, order: carnivores, family: canids, genus: canis, species: lupus

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18
Q

Reason for classification of organisms

A

we have consistency in how we refer to an organism

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19
Q

Eukaraya

A

have a cell structure that includes a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They can be unicellular or multicellular.

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20
Q

Archaea

A

are very unusual microscopic, unicellular organisms. They are able to survive in extreme environments.

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21
Q

Bacteria

A

are unicellular organisms that have been around for more than 3.5 billion years.

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22
Q

Why are there 3 domains?

A

Two distinctions within the monerans, a kingdom of bacteria in the older five- kingdom system. The discovery of these extremophiles necessitated the creation of a second category within the Monera kingdom.

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23
Q

Archaebacteria environments

A

Prokaryotic; lack nucleus and other organelles. Cell wall: lacks peptidoglycan; cell membrane: contains hydrocarbons other than fatty acids. Unicellular. Heterotrophic and autotrophic by chemosynthesis.

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24
Q

Eubacteria examples

A

Prokaryotic; lack nucleus and other organelles. Cell wall: contains peptidoglycans; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Unicellular; heterotrophic and autotrophic by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis.

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25
Q

Kingdoms with examples

A

Plant: sunflower, animal: lion, Fungi: mushroom, Protista: amoeba, paramecium, Eubacteria: E. coli, Archaebacteria: Extremophiles

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26
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Simple cells lack a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles and are unicellular

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27
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Complex cells with a nucleus and other membrane; they are unicellular or multicellular

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28
Q

Unicellular

A

the simplest forms of life are single celled

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29
Q

Multicellular

A

The more complex forms of life are made of many cells

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30
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Is a two-word system for naming organisms.

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31
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species. Phylo= related group. Geny= origin.

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32
Q

Cladistics

A

a biological system of classification based on phylogeny.

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33
Q

Cladogram

A

is a model of phylogeny of a species.

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34
Q

What do cladograms show?

A

Probable phylogeny of a group of organisms from an ancestral group.

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35
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: made of cellulose or other materials; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Mostly unicellular; multicellular forms: lack specialized tissue organization. Autotrophic by photosynthesis, some heterotrophic by phagocytosis, or both.

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36
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: made of chitin; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Unicellular and multicellular. Heterotrophic by secreting digestive enzymes into environment.

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37
Q

Plants

A

Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: made of cellulose; cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Multicellular; develop from embryos. Autotrophic by photosynthesis.

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38
Q

Animals

A

Eukaryotic; have nucleus and complex organelles. Cell wall: none. Cell membrane: contains fatty acids. Heterotrophic by phagocytosis.

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39
Q

What is the major difference between plants and fungi?

A

Cell type, cell #, means of obtaining energy, and cell structure.

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40
Q

Distinguish between a species name and a common name

A

Species names are the same in all languages species name indicate the relationship to other organisms.

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41
Q

How does growth in living organisms differ from growth in non-living things?

A

Non-living things grow by accumulating more of the same material of which they are made.

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42
Q

Levels of organization

A

Cells-> tissues-> organs-> organ systems-> multicellular organism

43
Q

Biological molecules

A

The chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions.

44
Q

Cell division

A

Is the formation of two new cells from an existing cell.

45
Q

Out group

A

An organism that is only distantly related to the other organisms being evaluated.

46
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The blood, heart, and blood vessels.

47
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.

48
Q

Circulatory system

A

The cardiovascular system and lymphatic system collectively make it up. They transport nutrients, hormones, and gases; gets rid of wastes; and helps maintain a constant body temperature.

49
Q

Septum (walls)

A

Vertically divides the heart into two sides.

50
Q

Atrium

A

The upper chamber of the heart.

51
Q

Ventricle

A

The lower chamber of the heart.

52
Q

Heart Valves

A

Are flaps of tissue that open in only one direction.

53
Q

Semilunar Valve

A

Separates the ventricles from these large vessels on each side of the heart. The SL valve on the right side is known as the pulmonary valve and the SL valve on the left side is known as the aortic valve.

54
Q

The Circulation in the Heart

A

1.) Deoxygenated (O2-poor) blood enters the right atrium. 2.) The right atrium sends deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle. 3.) The muscles of the right ventricle contract and force the blood into the pulmonary arteries. 4.) The pulmonary artery sends the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood. 5.) The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart. 6.) The oxygenated blood is then pumped into the left ventricle. 7.) Contraction of the muscular walls of the left ventricle forces the blood into a large blood vessel called the aorta. 8.) From the aorta, the thickest chamber of the heart because it has to do the most work to pump blood to all parts of the body.

55
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

Is a group of specialized heart-muscle cells located in the right atrium.

56
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

The AV node is located in the septum between the atria. The AV node relays the electrical impulse to the muscle cells that make up the ventricles.

57
Q

Pulse

A

Is a series of pressure waves within an artery caused by the contractions of the left ventricle.

58
Q

Arteries

A

The large, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

59
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The force that blood exerts against the inside walls of a blood vessel.

60
Q

Hypertension

A

Is a leading cause of death in many countries. Is higher than normal places a strain on the walls of the arteries and increases the chance that a vessel will burst.

61
Q

Capillaries

A

The arterioles branch into a network of tiny vessels.

62
Q

Vein

A

Several venues in turn unite to form it.

63
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

In which the blood travels between the heart and lungs.

64
Q

Systemic circulation

A

In which the blood travels between the heart and all other body tissues.

65
Q

Lymph

A

Excess fluid in the tissues moves into the tiny vessels of the lymphatic system.

66
Q

Lungs

A

Are the site of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood.

67
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat

68
Q

Epiglottis

A

When food is swallowed, a flap of cartilage, presses down and covers the opening to the air passage.

69
Q

Trachea

A

A cartilaginous tube called the windpipe.

70
Q

Larynx

A

At the upper end of the trachea is the voice box.

71
Q

Bronchi

A

Each of which leads to a lung. The walls consist of smooth muscle and cartilage and are lined with cilia and mucus.

72
Q

Bronchioles

A

The smallest of the bronchi which are also lined with cilia and mucus.

73
Q

Alveoli

A

Eventually the bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs.

74
Q

Inspiration

A

Is the process of taking air into the lungs.

75
Q

Diaphragm

A

A large skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, flattens and pushes down on the abdomen.

76
Q

Expiration

A

The process of releasing air from the lungs, the reverse movements take place.

77
Q

Digestion

A

The process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use.

78
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

A long winding tube which begins at the mouth and winds through the body to the anus.

79
Q

Salivary Glands

A

The salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates by breaking down some starch into the disaccharide maltose.

80
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations.

81
Q

Gastric Fluid

A

Carries out chemical digestion in the stomach; an inactive stomach secretion called pepsinogen is converted into a digestive enzyme called pepsin at a low pH.

82
Q

Ulcer

A

The breakdown of the mucous layer is often caused by bacteria that destroy the epithelial cells, which form the mucous layer.

83
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Is a circular muscle located between the esophagus and the stomach it closes to prevent the food from reentering the esophagus.

84
Q

Chyme

A

During this time muscle contractions in the stomach churn the contents breaking up food particles and mixing them with gastric fluid this process forms this mixture.

85
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

A circular muscle between the stomach and the small intestine regulates the flow of chyme.

86
Q

Liver

A

Is a large organ located to the right of the stomach. It performs numerous functions in the body including storing glucose as glycogen making proteins and breaking down toxic substances such as alcohol.

87
Q

Gallbladder

A

A sac like organ that stores and concentrates bile.

88
Q

Pancreas

A

It acts as an endocrine gland producing hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. It serves two roles it produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid. Two pancreatic fluid raises the pH of the chyme from an acid to a base neutralizing stomach acid is important in order to protect the interior of the small intestine and to ensure that the enzymes secreted by the pancreas can function.

89
Q

Small intestine

A

The entire length of it lies coiled in the abdominal cavity. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter the duodenum where they continue the chemical digestion of chyme. When the secretions from the liver and pancreas along with the chyme enter the duodenum they trigger intestinal mucous to release large quantities of mucus.

90
Q

Villi

A

The highly folded lining of the small intestine is covered with millions of fingerlike projections.

91
Q

Large intestine

A

The colon is the last step of digestion. Only nutrients produced by bacteria that live in the colon as well as most of the remainder of the water are absorbed. Slow contractions move material in the colon toward the rectum.

92
Q

This organ is responsible for absorption of most nutrients.

A

Small intestine

93
Q

This organ stores a yellow-green fluid responsible for emulsification of fats.

A

Gallbladder

94
Q

Emulsification

A

Bile breaks up fat globules into tiny fat droplets.

95
Q

Chemical digestion of starch (a carbohydrate) begins with secretions from these structures.

A

Salivary Glands

96
Q

This gland secretes a mixture of digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

A

Pancreas

97
Q

This organ is responsible for eliminating the waste products of digestion and absorbing water.

A

Large Intestine

98
Q

This successive wave of esophageal muscle contractions is important in delivering food to the stomach.

A

Peristalsis

99
Q

As this organ churns and mixes your food, special glands secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

A

Stomach

100
Q

The stomach digests what?

A

Protein

101
Q

This organ, the largest in the body, produces an important digestive fluid, bile. It stores important nutrients, and breaks down any toxic chemicals that enter the body.

A

Liver

102
Q

4 major functions of the digestive system

A
  1. ) Ingestion (taking food in through the mouth)
  2. ) Digestion (mechanical & chemical breakdown of food into nutrients)
  3. ) Absorption of nutrients
  4. ) Defacation: elimination of waste
103
Q

What are the 2 major cavities?

A

The ventral (belly-side) and dorsal cavity (back-side).

Biology (12 decks)

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