Test One Make Up Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What are the levels of structural organization?
A
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
2
Q
What are factors necessary for life function?
A
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
3
Q
What do people need to survive?
A
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
4
Q
Homeostasis is maintained by which two body systems?
A
Nervous system and endocrine system
5
Q
What three independent components control homeostatic control mechanisms?
A
Receptor, control center, effector
6
Q
What is an example of negative feedback?
A
Control of body temperature; regulation of blood volume by ADH
7
Q
What is an example of positive feedback?
A
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting; enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
8
Q
What are the tree body planes?
A
Sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse
9
Q
What are the two body cavities?
A
Ventral/anterior body cavity; dorsal/posterior body cavity
10
Q
How is the thoracic cavity divided?
A
Two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
11
Q
How is the abdominopelvic cavity separated from the thoracic cavity?
A
By the diaphragm
12
Q
The abdominopelvic cavity is composed of what two parts?
A
Abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
13
Q
A plane that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into superior and inferior portions is:
A
Transverse plane
14
Q
The thoracic cavity is ____ to the cervical region.
A
Inferior
15
Q
T or F: The terms frontal plane and coronal plane refer to exactly the same thing.
A
True
16
Q
The poles is ____ to the antebrachium.
A
Distal
17
Q
The liver is ____ to the abdominal muscles.
A
Deep
18
Q
T or F: The cervical region covers less body surface area than the thoracic region.
A
True
19
Q
T or F: Mid-sagittal and para-sagittal all divide the body into left and right parts,
A
True
20
Q
T or F: Para-sagittal plane and mid-sagittal plane are synonyms.
A
False
21
Q
What are the four types of tissues?
A
Connective, epithelial, nerve, muscle
22
Q
What are the two main types of epithelial tissue?
A
Covering and lining epithelia and glandular epithelia
23
Q
What are examples of structures that may be on the apical surface of an epithelial tissue?
A
Cilia or microvilli
24
Q
What is the strongest simple epithelial tissue?
A
Columnar
25
What is the weakest epithelial tissue?
Squamous
26
What type of epithelial tissue would be easiest to diffuse across?
Simple squamous epithelium
27
What type of epithelial would be hardest to diffuse across?
Stratified columnar epithelium
28
Which tissue type is best suited for the lining of the lungs where gas exchange between the body and the inhaled must occur rapidly?
Simple squamous
29
Which tissue type is best suited for the skin which is subject to frequent friction and mechanical stress?
Stratified squamous
30
Which tissue type is best suited for the lining of the stomach and intestines which contain harsh acids and enzymes but must also absorb nutrients from food?
Simple columnar
31
Based on your observations, could any of the epithelial tissue types be confused with one another if one did not know the angle at which they were viewing the cells? If so, which ones?
Yes, cuboidal and columnar because they would both look square at the top.
32
Name an example of where simple squamous epithelium is located.
Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart; blood and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
33
Name an example of where simple cuboidal epithelium is located.
Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
34
Name an example of where psudostratified columnar would be located.
Trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
35
Name an example of where stratified squamous epithelium would be found.
The moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, vagina
36
Name a place where transitional epithelium is found.
Lines the uterus, urinary bladder, part of the urethra
37
How are glands classified?
Site of product release, and relative number of cells forming the gland
38
What type of tissue is found throughout most of the body?
Connective tissue
39
What are the four classes of connective tissue?
Connective proper, bone, blood, and cartilage
40
What are some functions of connective tissue?
Binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation
41
What major tissue type lines the thoracic cavity?
Epithelial tissue
42
Which tissue type is most abundant in the body?
Connective tissue
43
Which epithelium most likely lines the esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium
44
Which of the following is not a connective tissue?
- bone
- blood
- cartilage
- adipose
- all listed are connective tissue
All listed are connective tissue
45
Which type of muscle tissue is striated and made made of long, cylindrical cells that contain multiple nuclei?
Skeletal muscle
46
Some of the cells belonging to this major tissue classification are the largest cells in the body.
Nervous tissue
47
This type of tissue is composed of relatively few, specialized cells which are embedded in an extracellular matrix, or framework supporting the cells
Connnectinve tissue
48
T or F: Nervous tissue is only found in the brain and spinal cord.
False
49
T or F: Small blood vessels called capillaries run through epithelial tissue and provide the tissue with nutrients and oxygen and carry waste products away.
False
50
Which tissue type is most likely to be found in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), one of the ligaments supporting the kne joint.
Dense connective tissue
51
Which tissue is best suited to form the lining of the stomach?
Simple columnar
52
T or F: The only function of adipose tissue is to store excess energy for future use.
False
53
T or F: Only cardiac muscle tissue contains intercolated discs.
True
54
Which tissue types can be found in the fingers?
- all tissue types except nervous
- only connective and muscle
- only epithelial and connective
- all four types
All four types
55
This tissue forms the urine productions kidney tubules.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
56
- Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
- Cells (less than in epithelial tissues, far apart)
- Nonliving extracellular matrix
- Fibers
- Varying degrees of vascularity
- Innervated
- Different types/consistencies
- Regeneration (tissue dependent; not as fast as epithelial)
Characteristics of connective tissue
57
What are the structural components of connective tissue?
Ground substance, fibers, cells
58
Proteoglycans are a component of ground substance. What is the purpose of proteoglycans?
Trap water in varying amounts, affecting the viscosity of the ground substance.
59
What are the components of ground substance (which is a component of CT)
Interstitial fluid, adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
60
What are the three types of fibers found within connective tissue?
Collagen, elastic, reticular
61
Where are fibroblasts located?
Connective tissue proper
62
What type of cells are located in cartilage?
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
63
Osteoblasts and osteocytes are found where?
Bone
64
_______ are stem cells in bone marrow.
Hematopoietic
65
Embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme
66
What are the types of loos connective tissue?
Areolar, adipose, reticular
67
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular, dense irregular
68
Where is connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - areolar likely to be found?
Under epithelia of body, surrounds capillaries, packages organs,
69
Where is connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - adipose likely to be located?
Under the skin of the hypodermis, around kidney and eyeball, within abdomen, in breasts
70
Lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen are likely composed of what tissue?
Connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue - reticular
71
Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses are likely what type of tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue
72
Dense irregular connective tissue are likely found where?
Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract
73
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
74
Where is hyaline cartilage likely to be found?
Embryonic skeleton, covering the ends of long bones in joint cavities, ribs, nose, trachea, larynx
75
What type of cartilage likely supports the ear and epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage
76
Intervertebral discs, the pubis symphysis, and discs of the knee joint are likely composed of what cartilage?
Fibrocartilage
77
Where is osseous tissue located?
Bones
78
Blood is contained where?
Within the blood vessels
79
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
80
What two tissues do epithelial membranes consist of?
Epithelial and connective tissue
81
What are the three types of epithelial membranes?
Cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, and serous membrane
82
What is the cutaneous membrane?
It is the skin, so it covers the body surface
83
What does the mucous membrane line?
It lines body cavities open to the exterior
84
What does the serous membrane line?
It lines body cavities closed to the exterior
85
Lines the internal body walls
Parietal serosa
86
Covers the internal organs
Visceral serosa
87
What serous membrane covers the lung?
Visceral pleura
88
What serous. Membrane covers the heart?
Visceral pericardium
89
What serous membrane covers the abdominal organs?
Visceral Peritoneum
90
The skin consists of what two parts?
The epidermis and the dermis
91
What is the hypodermis?
It is a layer just under the dermis and is not technically a part of the skin
92
What kind of tissue is the epidermis?
Epithelial tissue
93
What type of tissue is the dermis?
Connective tissue
94
Where is thick skin found, and how many layers is it composed of?
Found in soles and palms and composed of 5 layers
95
How many layers is thin skin?
4 layers
96
Thick and thin skin are a part of the:
Epidermis
97
What types of cells are found within the epidermis?
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, and langerhans’ cells
98
What type of epithelium tissue makes up the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
99
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
100
What is the thickest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
101
What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
Connective tissue
102
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary and reticular layer
103
What layer of the dermis makes up the majority of its thickness?
Reticular layer
104
What type of skin markings are responsible for fingerprints?
Friction ridges
105
What lines are responsible for the lines on palms and fingers?
Flexure lines
106
Are sensory receptors located in the dermis or epidermis?
Dermis
107
What receptors respond to temperature?
Free nerve endings
108
Which receptors are stimulated by heavy pressure?
Pacinian corpuscles
109
What sensory receptor is used to respond light touch?
Meissner’s corpuscles
110
What is the hypodermis composed of?
Adipose and areolar connective tissue
111
What three pigments contribute to skin color?
Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
112
What is responsible for the pinkish hue of skin?
Hemoglobin
113
What are the two main types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands
114
What contributes to hair pigment?
Melanin
115
What causes gray/white hair?
Decreased melanin production and an increase in air bubbles in the shaft
116
Where is hair not located?
Palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of the external genitalia
117
What are parts of the hair follicle?
Shaft, hair root, hair bulb
118
Where would vellus hair be located?
Children and adult females (the pale fine body hairs)
119
What are terminal hairs?
Course long hairs. Like eyebrows, scalp hair, axillary, and pubic regions
120
What are functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, body temp regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood resevoir, excretion
121
What increases a persons chances of developing skin cancer?
Overexposure to UV radiation and frequent irritation of the skin
122
Where is SCC most likely to be discovered?
Scalp, ears, lower lip, hands
123
What is the rule of nines used for?
Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns
124
What degree burn is skin grafting usually necessary?
Third degree burns
125
The skull is found in which skeleton?
Axial skeleton
126
The femur is part of which skeleton?
Appendicular skeleton
127
What type of bone is the humerus?
Long bone
128
Which type of bone is the patella?
Short bone
129
What type of bone is the sternum?
flat bone
130
A vertebra is which type of bone?
Irregular bone
