Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the structure of body

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

Question 3

All structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

Answer 3

Regional anatomy

Question 4

Gross anatomy of the body studied by system

Answer 4

Systemic anatomy

Question 5

Study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Answer 5

Surface Anatomy

Question 6

Study of cells

Answer 6

Cytology

Question 7

Study of tissues

Answer 7

Histology

Question 8

The study of developmental changes if the body from fertilization to birth

Answer 8

Embryology

Question 9

Study of structural changes caused by disease

Answer 9

Pathological Anatomy

Question 10

Study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures

Answer 10

Radiographic Anatomy

Question 11

Study of anatomical structures at a sub cellular level

Answer 11

Molecular Biology

Question 12

What is the order of the levels of structural organization?

Answer 12

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Question 13

Atoms combines to form molecules

Answer 13

Chemical level

Question 14

Cells are made up of molecules

Answer 14

Cellular level

Question 15

Consists of similar types of cells

Answer 15

Tissue level

Question 16

Made up of different types of tissues

Answer 16

Organ level

Question 17

Consists of different organs that work closely together

Answer 17

Organ system level

Question 18

Made up of the organ systems

Answer 18

Organismal level

Question 19

What are the necessary life functions?

Answer 19

Responsiveness, digestion, metabolism (catabolism and anabolism), excretion, reproduction, growth

Question 20

Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

Answer 20

Responsiveness

Question 21

Breakdown of ingested foodstuff

Answer 21

Digestion

Question 22

All the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Answer 22

Metabolism

Question 23

A process of breaking down complex molecules to simple ones

Answer 23

Catabolism

Question 24

A process of making complex molecules form simple ones

Answer 24

Anabolism

Question 25

Removal of wastes from the body

Answer 25

Excretion

Question 26

Cellular and organismal levels: Cellular: an original cell divides and produced two identical; daughter cells Organismal: sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person

Answer 26

Reproduction

Question 27

Increase on size of body part or of the organism

Answer 27

Growth

Question 28

What factors does an organism need to survive?

Answer 28

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp., atmospheric pressure

Question 29

Needed for energy and cell building

Answer 29

Nutrients

Question 30

Necessary for metabolic reactions

Answer 30

Oxygen

Question 31

Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates

Answer 31

Normal body temperature

Question 32

Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Answer 32

Atmospheric pressure

Question 33

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Answer 33

Homeostasis

Question 34

Homeostasis is maintained by which two body systems?

Answer 34

Nervous system and Endocrine system

Question 35

There are three interdependent components of control mechanisms. What are they?

Answer 35

Receptor, control center, effector

Question 36

Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli

Answer 36

Receptor

Question 37

Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

Answer 37

Control center

Question 38

Provides the means to respond to stimuli

Answer 38

Effector

Question 39

What happens in a negative feedback loop?

Answer 39

In a negative feedback system, the output shuts off the original stimulus to reduce its intensity

Question 40

What is an example of a negative feedback system?

Answer 40

-Regulation of body temperature -Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine mechanism)

Question 41

What happens in a positive feedback loop?

Answer 41

In a positive feedback mechanism, the response enhances or exaggerates the initial stimulus so that further responses are even greater

Question 42

Positive feedback responses usually happen in response to infrequent events. Give two examples.

Answer 42

- Labor contractions by oxytocin -Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Question 43

Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Answer 43

Superior

Question 44

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body, below

Answer 44

Inferior

Question 45

Toward the front of the body, in front of

Answer 45

Ventral

Question 46

Toward to at the back of the body; behind

Answer 46

Dorsal

Question 47

Toward or at the middle of the body; on the inner side of

Answer 47

Medial

Question 48

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Answer 48

Lateral

Question 49

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Answer 49

Proximal

Question 50

Farther from the point of origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Answer 50

Distal

Question 51

Toward or at the body surface

Answer 51

Superficial

Question 52

Away from the body surface; more internal

Answer 52

Deep