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A&P > Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body - An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

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3
Q

All structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

A

Regional anatomy

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4
Q

Gross anatomy of the body studied by system

A

Systemic anatomy

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5
Q

Study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

A

Surface Anatomy

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6
Q

Study of cells

A

Cytology

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7
Q

Study of tissues

A

Histology

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8
Q

The study of developmental changes if the body from fertilization to birth

A

Embryology

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9
Q

Study of structural changes caused by disease

A

Pathological Anatomy

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10
Q

Study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures

A

Radiographic Anatomy

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11
Q

Study of anatomical structures at a sub cellular level

A

Molecular Biology

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12
Q

What is the order of the levels of structural organization?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

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13
Q

Atoms combines to form molecules

A

Chemical level

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14
Q

Cells are made up of molecules

A

Cellular level

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15
Q

Consists of similar types of cells

A

Tissue level

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16
Q

Made up of different types of tissues

A

Organ level

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17
Q

Consists of different organs that work closely together

A

Organ system level

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18
Q

Made up of the organ systems

A

Organismal level

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19
Q

What are the necessary life functions?

A

Responsiveness, digestion, metabolism (catabolism and anabolism), excretion, reproduction, growth

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20
Q

Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

A

Responsiveness

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21
Q

Breakdown of ingested foodstuff

A

Digestion

22
Q

All the chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

23
Q

A process of breaking down complex molecules to simple ones

A

Catabolism

24
Q

A process of making complex molecules form simple ones

A

Anabolism

25
Q

Removal of wastes from the body

A

Excretion

26
Q

Cellular and organismal levels:
Cellular: an original cell divides and produced two identical; daughter cells
Organismal: sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person

A

Reproduction

27
Q

Increase on size of body part or of the organism

A

Growth

28
Q

What factors does an organism need to survive?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp., atmospheric pressure

29
Q

Needed for energy and cell building

A

Nutrients

30
Q

Necessary for metabolic reactions

A

Oxygen

31
Q

Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates

A

Normal body temperature

32
Q

Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

A

Atmospheric pressure

33
Q

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

A

Homeostasis

34
Q

Homeostasis is maintained by which two body systems?

A

Nervous system and Endocrine system

35
Q

There are three interdependent components of control mechanisms. What are they?

A

Receptor, control center, effector

36
Q

Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli

A

Receptor

37
Q

Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

A

Control center

38
Q

Provides the means to respond to stimuli

A

Effector

39
Q

What happens in a negative feedback loop?

A

In a negative feedback system, the output shuts off the original stimulus to reduce its intensity

40
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback system?

A

-Regulation of body temperature
-Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an endocrine mechanism)

41
Q

What happens in a positive feedback loop?

A

In a positive feedback mechanism, the response enhances or exaggerates the initial stimulus so that further responses are even greater

42
Q

Positive feedback responses usually happen in response to infrequent events. Give two examples.

A
  • Labor contractions by oxytocin
    -Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
43
Q

Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

A

Superior

44
Q

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body, below

A

Inferior

45
Q

Toward the front of the body, in front of

A

Ventral

46
Q

Toward to at the back of the body; behind

A

Dorsal

47
Q

Toward or at the middle of the body; on the inner side of

A

Medial

48
Q

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

A

Lateral

49
Q

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Proximal

50
Q

Farther from the point of origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Distal

51
Q

Toward or at the body surface

A

Superficial

52
Q

Away from the body surface; more internal

A

Deep

A&P (5 decks)

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