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Bovine Theriogenology > Test One Flashcard HodgePodge > Flashcards

Test One Flashcard HodgePodge

1
Q

What is a Kamar marker?

A
  • Pasted to cow’s tail head
  • Has a bubble that will turn bright red from the pressure of a mounting cow
  • indicates the cow wearing it has stood to be mounted
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2
Q

Describe Functional Anestrum

A
  • Unobserved estrum
  • Silent estrum -> really overdiagnosed, could really just be they missed it

In both of these cases, cow is actually cycling! This is a management issue!

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3
Q

How can functional anestrus be treated?

A
  • improve heat detection
  • palpation program
  • prostaglandin therapy
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4
Q

Describe Corpus Luteum

A
  • decreases in size -> CL3,CL2,CL1
  • doubles size of ovary (esp. CL3)
  • distorts shape of ovary (esp. CL3)
  • crown -> easily felt difference between ovary and CL
  • sharp line of demarcation
  • liver-like in consistency
  • can have internal vacuole
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5
Q

What days of the estrous cycle is estrum? What should you find during palpation?

A

Day 0-1

-follicle, regressed CL, uterine tone

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6
Q

Why should prostaglandins not be given to preg. cows?

A

will cause preg. cows to abort

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7
Q

Is the standing cow or the mounting cow in heat/

A

Standing -> def. in heat
Mounting -> could be… watch further

If mounting cow is mounting from front, she’s most likely the one in heat

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8
Q

What is a teaser animal?

A
  • Altered bull = sexually active, but can’t inseminate

- Adrogenized cow = often a culled cow injected w/ testosterone to stimulate male behavior

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9
Q

What are some possible heat detection errors?

A
  • inadequate time for observation
    • only 1x a day
    • too short of an observation period
    • other responsibilities during observation = during feeding, before milking
  • ignorance -> some people don’t know what to look for
  • negligence
  • combination of errors
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10
Q

What are some signs that could help indicate if the cow is in estrus or not? What is the key sign?

A
  • back’s muddy or cow paint worn off tailhead d/t standing to be mounted = KEY SIGN
    -long, viscous clear elastic mucus hanging out of vulva or smeared on legs, tail, and flank
    (muscus may not be visible until palpated and mucus comes out then)
    -observing her stand to be mounted
    -restless behavior
    -increased bellowing
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11
Q

What part of the estrous cycle is the most difficult to give an estimate of when the cow should be in heat next? Why?

A

Diestrum.

Due to the length of diestrum, 6-16 days, it is hard to estimate cow’s next heat cycle

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12
Q

What is the average length of a cow’s estrus cycle?

A

18-24 days

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13
Q

T/F = It is easy to palpate the entire oviduct of a cow.

A

False.

It is difficult to palpate the entire oviduct.

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14
Q

Describe a follicle

A
  • blister-like
  • smooth
  • rounded
  • slightly elevated
  • no line of demarcation = seamless flow between ovary and follicle
  • 2.5 cm diameter = mature follicle (size of a quarter)
  • 1.0 cm diameter = midcycle
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15
Q

Describe a chin-ball marker and its purpose in estrus detection

A
  • Device worn on a halter of a teaser animal
  • Teaser animal mounts a cow in estrus, the chin-ball marker will leave marks like a ball-point pen on the cow’s back
  • helpful as secondary way to detect heat
  • must learn teaser’s “mounting markings” as the marker can leave marks just rubbing head on animals
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16
Q

Describe ovulation depression

A
  • crater on ovary
  • 1 cm diameter
  • almost will never feel b/c just about have to be right there when she ovulates
  • may suspect if everything else is showing signs of estrus (heat), but can’t find a follicle
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17
Q

What is the ideal amount of time between palpation visits for a palpation program? Why?

A

Ideally every 2 weeks - may need to be more frequent for larger herds

Part of herd should be in heat at first visit or close to it. Other part should be close 2 weeks later.

Also provides a chance to catch anestrus cows sooner rather than later, as she should be close at one or other time, but isn’t.

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18
Q

What is one way to increase one’s ability to feel when palpating?

A

Cut fingers of a palpation sleeve before putting on and then put a surgical glove on over the sleeve

Makes for a better fit and better feel of internal structures

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19
Q 
What is the tone during....
estrus?
metestrus?
diestrus?
proestrus?
A 
estrus = tonic
metestrus = edematous
diestrus = flaccid
proestrus = slight tone
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20
Q

In estrus, the tone of the bovine uterus is tonic. Describe tonic.

A

like a clenched muscle

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21
Q

In diestrus, the tone of the bovine uterus is flaccid. Describe flaccid.

A

NO tone at all

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22
Q

What days of the estrous cycle is metestrum?

What should be felt during palpation?

A

Days 1-5

developing CH, edematous uterus

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23
Q

What days of the estrous cycle is diestrum?

What should be felt during palpation?

A

Days 6-16

mature CL, midcycle follicle, no uterine tone

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24
Q

In chronological order, what are the 9 structures found on the ovary of a normally cycling cow?

A

F, OVD, CH1, CH2, CH3, CL3, CL2, CL1, CA

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25
Q

Would you expect a cow’s estus cycle to be longer or shorter on a super hot day?

A

Shorter = might only be for a few hours around 2am or 3 am d/t cooler environmental temps

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26
Q

How much TOTAL time will a cow stand to be mounted during estrus?

A

1 minute of mounts total per estrus

12 mounts per estrus
5 secs per mount

27
Q

A cow that cycles less than 18 days in length is a…

A

nymphomaniac

Nymphomaniacs regularly show signs of nymphomania = behavioral state w/ female in estrus at shorter intervals than normal

28
Q

What is anestrum?

A

failure to observe estrum (cycling)

29
Q

Most common non-pregnancy reasons for organic anestrum by percentage

A

56% ovarian cysts
28% uterine infections
16% other

30
Q

T/F The tone of the uterus will decrease as it is palpated.

A

False.

The tone will increase. Note the tone at the onset of palpation,

31
Q

Why would a cow with hurting feet not be seeming in estrus?

A

Won’t stand to be ridden

32
Q

What percentage of cows w/ twin brothers are sterile?

A

approx. 90%

33
Q

How can a 3 day old female calf, who has a twin brother, be tested to see if she is most likely fertile or sterile?

A

Insert a blood tube

  • Can insert = most likely fertile
  • Can only insert 1/3 or less = most likely sterile
34
Q

T/F: A bovine uterus unicornis is always sterile.

A

False. Can have reduced fertility, but probably not sterile.

35
Q

What 2 hormones related to reproduction come from the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH and LH

36
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone both are _______ hormones.

A

ovarian

37
Q

Can the cervix of a cow be dilated manually?

A
  • difficult to dilate manually

- has to be hormonally induced

38
Q

What is the difference between “estrous” and “estrus”?

A

“estrous” = adj.

  • of or relating to estrus
  • Vet. Dictionary -> ‘pertaining to or emananting from esturs’

“estrus” = noun

  • a recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals; heat
  • Vet. Dictionary -> Big ol’ paragraph describing several species behavioral signs and external genitalia changes, plus a description of a general definiton
39
Q

What is a good landmark for palpation and why?

A

The cervix

  • It has a distinct feel w/ 3-5 muscular transverse annular folds (firm, cartilaginous rings)
  • Is always there, regardless of stage in estrous cycle
40
Q

Progesterone

A
  • produced by CL (days 6-16)
  • oil soluble steroid
  • maintains pregnancy
41
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

  • small peptide
  • carried to anterior pituitary gland by hypophysial portal system
  • cause release of FSH and LH
42
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

  • complex water-soluble protein
  • growth of Graafian follicles and production of estrogen
43
Q

Describe Corpus hemorrhagicum

A
  • grows in 3 stages = CH1, CH2, CH3
  • gritty = almost like feeling sand
  • crepitation = dry crackling sound or sensation
  • soft
  • clot-like
44
Q

Describe prostaglandin therapy

A

Cow w/ mature CL is treated w/ prostaglandin

Prostaglandin causes CL regression w/in 2-3 days

Cow should be back in heat in 72-96 hours and can be bred w/ heat detection or just bred 72-96 hrs w/o heat detection. (Most cows will get preg. this way actually.)

45
Q

What days of the estrous cycle is proestrum? What should be felt during palpation?

A

Days 17-21

regressing CL, developing follicle, slight uterine tone

46
Q

Cycles greater than 24 days in length

A

anestrus

47
Q

How many pounds of milk can be lost per every missed heat after 60 days postpartum?

A

500 lbs of milk

48
Q

Anestrum can be functional or organic. What’s the difference? What’s the frequency of each?

A

Functional

  • 90%
  • cow is cycling, but client not catching her in heat

Organic

  • 10%
  • actually problems with the cow
49
Q

Why can’t a cow who has an infected uterus regress her CL?

A

D/t the infection, can’t produce prostaglandin to regress CL

50
Q

T/F: Great nutrient deficiency can be a cause of anestrum.

A

true

51
Q

T/F: The repro tracts of younger cows may be found displaced to the right or left of where one might expect.

A

True

52
Q

The bovine uterus is bicornuate in shape. What does bicornuate mean?

A

“having two uterine horns”

53
Q

The bifurcation of the bovine uterus has two intercornual ligaments.
What are they?
How are they positioned?
Which one is used to retract the uterus while palpating?

A
  • dorsal and ventral ligaments
  • located dorsally and ventrally, respectively, between the 2 uterine horns
  • Ventral ligament should be used to retract uterus. It is a heavier, thicker ligament. Provides a spot to hook thumb under and pull back toward you
54
Q

T/F: The tone of the bovine uterus is dependent on stage of the estrous cycle.

A

True

55
Q

In metestrus, the tone of the bovine uterus is edematous. Describe edematous.

A

swollen w/ an excessive fluid accumulation

56
Q

What is the tone of the bovine uterus during proestrus?

A

slight tone

57
Q

Does the external os of the cervix on a cow protude into the vagina?

A

No it does not

58
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

complex water-soluble protein

causes ovulation and luteinization

59
Q

estrogen

A

produced by follicle

oil soluble steroid

secondary sex characteristics

60
Q

organic anestrum reasons

A
  • pregnancy = good reason :)
  • pathological ovarian cysts
  • uterine infections
  • nutritional deficiencies
  • abnormal pregnancies
  • anatomical defects/ tumors
61
Q

Describe corpus albicans

A
  • scar tissue
  • firm protuberances
  • enlarges ovary
62
Q

Describe heat detection

A

observing the cows for 30 minutes, 2x a day during times when cows aren’t doing anything else, to watch for signs of estrus

63
Q

prostaglandins-parahormone

A
  • produced throughout body
  • PGF2a -> produced in endometrium
  • causes CL regression

Bovine Theriogenology (9 decks)

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