Test One: Chapter 2 & 3

Question 1

media literacy

Answer 1

The process of critically analyzing media content by considering its particular presentation, its underlying political or social messages, and how media ownership or regulation may affect the type of media content we receive (p. 38)

Question 2

MEDIA GRAMMAR

Answer 2

Each medium of mass communication presents its messages uniquely

Question 3

media grammer in print

Answer 3

Books: Physical dimensions, pictures, size and style of typeface, hardcover or paperback, artwork, spacing between words, page numbering, table of contents, indexes, and chapter headings. Newspapers: Subject sections. Magazines: Sophisticated graphic and design techniques, long-form writing

Question 4

media grammar in radio and recorded music

Answer 4

Radio: Audio techniques, including volume changes, multiple audio tracks, actualities, sound effects, and voice-oversRecorded music: Particular stylistic conventions, including length of song and music format

Question 5

media grammar in film and television

Answer 5

Sophisticated media grammar that is based on editing, camera angles, lighting, movement, and sound

Question 6

media grammar in digital media

Answer 6

Media grammar evolves as our communication devices evolve. Adopted from traditional media forms and created new ways for us to interact with the media

Question 7

IMPLICATIONS OF COMMERCIAL MEDIA

Answer 7

Economic factors + corporate decisions often influence what is and is not covered in the news and what kind of entertainment is created and shown

Question 8

critics of coorporate media

Answer 8

Media companies are not like other companies and play a much greater role in influencing our thinking and behavior; •media should be publicly funded

Question 9

proponents of commercial media

Answer 9

Profit motive as a key incentive for media companies to produce quality content that people will want to watch or read

Question 10

Public Broadcasting Act of 1967

Answer 10

set up public broadcasting in the United States, establishing the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and, eventually, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), and National Public Radio (NPR)

Question 11

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 11

Invented printing with lead, using movable type and pressing oil-based ink on paper with a converted wine press

Question 12

book industry issues today

Answer 12

Industry mergers and consolidation enable publishers to increase profit margins by reducing operating costs. Book publishing industry is intertwined with global media and the entertainment industry. Emergence of online booksellers, electronic books, and on-demand printing is transforming sales and distribution, growth that renders the future of traditional brick-and-mortar bookstores uncertain

Question 13

local newspapers

Answer 13

serve local geographic communities, monitoring their government, law enforcement, business, religion, education, arts, and other institutions. Provide a legal record of the community’s public communications, running obituaries and various announcements.

Question 14

national newspapers

Answer 14

The New York Times, the “paper of record” in the United States, offers especially strong coverage of international events and issues The Wall Street Journal is the nation’s leading newspaper covering business and finance USA Today, a strong mix of general-interest news featuring colorful graphics and easy-to-read sections, an overall design inspired by television

Question 15

broadcast

Answer 15

to transmit a program or some type of information by radio or television

Question 16

james maxwell

Answer 16

heorized the existence of electromagnetic waves (1860s)Believed a portion of these waves, later known as radio waves, could be harnessed to transmit signals

Question 17

Heinrich Hertz

Answer 17

Proved Maxwell’s theories (1880s)Advanced the development of wireless communication

Question 18

Guglielmo Marconi

Answer 18

Received a patent on wireless telegraphy in England in 1896

Question 19

Alexander Popov

Answer 19

Made parallel discoveries in Russia

Question 20

Nikola Tesla

Answer 20

Invented a wireless system in 1892Marconi used much of Tesla’s workDeemed inventor of radio in 1943

Question 21

Lee De Forest

Answer 21

Wrote the first Ph.D. thesis on wireless technology in 1899Primary interest was wireless telephonyBiggest breakthrough was the development of the Audion

Question 22

Reginald Fessenden

Answer 22

First voice broadcastChristmas Eve 1906

Question 23

Radio Act of 1912

Answer 23

Required licensingAdopted the SOS distress signal

Question 24

WW1 and the radio

Answer 24

Navy took control of radioCorporate heads and government leaders conspired to make sure radio served American interests

Question 25

William S. Paley

Answer 25

Bought a controlling share in CBS, and launched new concepts and strategiesHired PR guru Edward BernaysRaided NBC for top talent

Question 26

Radio Act of 1927

Answer 26

Stated that stations could only license their channels as long as they operated to serve the “public interest, convenience, or necessity”Created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), which became the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with the Communications Act of 1934

Question 27

Transistors

Answer 27

Small electrical devices that could receive and amplify radio signalsMore durable and less expensive than vacuum tubes, used less power, and produced less heatLed to the creation of small pocket radiosMade radio portable

Question 28

Format radio

Answer 28

Formula-driven radioManagement controls programmingDeveloped by Todd Storz in 1949Used rotation Led to the development of the Top 40 formatCreation of day parts

Question 29

Camera obscura

Answer 29

a dark box or room with a small hole that allows an inverted image of an outside image to be shown on the opposite inner wall

Question 30

daguerreotype

Answer 30

a method of creating a positive image on a metal plate, with a reduced exposure time of thirty minutes or so.

Question 31

Kinetoscope

Answer 31

a precursor to the motion picture viewer made by thomas edison

Question 32

Louis and Auguste Lumière

Answer 32

atented a more portable camera, film processing unit, and projector, a suitcase-sized single device that allowed shooting in the morning, footage that could be processed in the afternoon and projected for an audience in the evening (leaving the abby, feeding the baby)

Question 33

Georges Melies

Answer 33

releases Trip to the Moon in 1902

Question 34

trip to the moon

Answer 34

Considered the first feature film of the era. Plays and musicals—on stage—were the only forms of visual entertainment at this time.
Notice the adaptation of stage techniques for the setting, environmental elements, exaggerated acting (facial expressions & movement), etc.

Question 35

D.W. Griffith

Answer 35

birth of a nation (1915)

Question 36

Birth of a Nation

Answer 36

This is considered a technical masterpiece for the film industry in this era, but its goal was clear: fear.African Americans (the minority race) were fighting for the right run for elected office—a privilege, at this time, held only white Americans (the majority race).This film is a projection of what the future of government would look like should African Americans be permitted to run for elected positions.It is representative of societal structure and majority-held prejudices and stereotypes at this time in history.

Question 37

Broadcast TV

Answer 37

Traditional means of over-the-air TV distribution for networks, affiliates, and local stations

Question 38

Cable TV

Answer 38

Developed for rural areas where traditional (antenna) broadcasting not viable

Question 39

Satellite TV

Answer 39

Popularity increased with shift from expensive, large three-meter dishes to inexpensive, compact eighteen-inch dishes that could be self-installed; subscription price rivals cable

Question 40

Traditional broadcasting model

Answer 40

relied primarily on selling advertising, one-minute or thirty-second ads, taking up between sixteen and twenty-two minutes of an hour-long program

Question 41

Nielsen ratings

Answer 41

a way to measure how many people in various markets were watching a particular show; cable’s fragmentation of audiences made the Nielsen ratings a less accurate measure