Test 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards
Five Purposes of the First Amendment
- Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
- or abridging the freedom of speech,
- or of the press;
- or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 5.and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
How is media changing in a global age?
Changing culture, economics, and social
Convergence
The coming together of computing, telecommunications and media in a digital environment
Technological Convergence
Rise of digital media and online communication networks. Media—print, audio, video—converging into digital form. Ex: ebooks. Changes that come from new technologies affect business models and established industries. Companies control their media content, but also the means of distribution through specific, strategic networks
Economic Convergence
Merging of Internet or telecommunication companies with traditional media companies (Example: Comcast + NBC Universal)•Consolidation: large companies merge and/or absorb other companies = even bigger companies•How has consolidation affected traditional media companies?
Economic convergence happens when:
Formerly independent media enterprises further the success of one another bc they fall under the same corporate umbrella•Corporate umbrella includes formerly independent and dissimilar companies
Telecommunications Act of 1996
First major overhaul of telecommunications law in 60+ years. The goal: let anyone enter any communications business; let any communicationsbusiness compete in any market against any other
Content Control:
a telecom that owns a media company can bolster the user experience for its own content at the expense of other companies
Cultural Convergence
Cultural Convergence = Globalization of media content . Example: When an American television show is popular in other countries•Implications: there is an aspect to the media that foreign audiences resonate or identify with = common ground between cultures. Concern: impact on multiculturalism, especially internationally
Implications of Convergence
Media organization changes (p. 13)
- Media type changes (p. 14)
- Media content changes (p. 15)
- Media use changes (p. 16)
- Media distribution changes (p. 17)
- Media audience changes (p. 18)
- Media profession changes (p. 20)
- Attitude and value changes (p. 21)
Media Organization Changes
Centralized vs. Converged media organizations
Centralized Media
functions of media—production, distribution, marketing & advertising—are controlled by a single unit
Converged Media
functions of media are decentralized via the Internet, inviting more diffused methods of production, distribution, marketing & advertising
Media Type Changes
How we engage with media in a state of flux. Media is regulated differently, by type•Complex laws/regulations have been created to regulate different forms of media—content, distribution and ownership. Internet disrupts this.
Media Content Changes
Traditional, on demand, digititized, wiki, and social media
Traditional Content
Shared through a pre-determined, pre-arranged schedule with little if any consultation with audiences
On-demand content
Audiences have more control over when they address the content
Digitized content
Through digital production & distribution methods, content can be available at any time of day
Wiki content
Audiences contribute to production and distribution of content
Social Media content
Hyperlinks and Hashtags•Stories told can now connect directly with other content
Media Use Changes
24/7 content we can take anywhere through mobile/portable devices; tv channels etc constanly need to fill the time
Digital Divide
Assumes equal access to, and knowledge of, variety of advanced technologies—but this is not a universal condition. High cost of telecomm services keeps many categories of people away from this type of media exposure
media distribution changes
The Internet now enables a global dialog; content can be more fluid, dynamic and rapidly transmitted. Audiences are increasingly active in media use and distribution, bypassing corporate control, through viral marketing, native advertising, peer-to-peer sharing, and user-generated content
Media Audience Changes
traditional, converged, produsers
traditional audience communication
ne way communication large, anonymous audience Audience is limited in communication from source & to each other
Converged audience communication
Interactive model: audience creates & distributes own content. Audience engagement with source and to/from each other increases
“Produsers” = producer + consumer
Audiences are no longer just media consumers. Audiences take an active role in producing, distributing & sharing media. Can be both passive recipients and active creators. More critical of media —ask questions, collaborate, narrow their media scope
Media Profession Changes
ncreased competition & rapid changes in technologies and marketplace. Newsrooms increasingly require journalists to know how to use video and audio to tell their stories. PR professionals & Advertisers: how to best attract attention amongst all the “clutter” of everyday media consumptionCitizen Journalism: •Audience-generated feedback and news coverage•Audiences can determine “news-worthyness”•Interactive relationship where audiences contribute to story content and/or correction (with no corresponding formal training in principles of journalism)
Attitude and Value Changes
Increased globalization + digital communication = increased desire for transparency and methods for gaining trust. Online reputation can make/break an individual, company or organization•We now have ranking systems, rating opportunities, comment columns•Companies must monitor online discussions related to their brand. Digital convergence has led to confusion over traditional notions of privacy. What is acceptable? What is not?. Example: sharing a “private” blog post with a larger audience, without the bloggers permission. Behavioral targeting: Advertising technique drawn from information we readily share through our digital footprint. Cookies: digital tracking of our web habits, automatically archived
Interpersonal communication (traditional)
Interactive, face-to-face, generally one-to-one, between individuals familiar with each other
Mediated interpersonal communication
Interactive, generally one-to-one, between individuals familiar with each other, through an external medium, such as a telephone, IM, text, chat room, or Twitter
functions of mass communication
Surveillance, Correlation, Cultural transmission, Entertainment
surveillance
Information about the processes, issues, events and other developments in society; primarily connected to journalismConsequence of surveillance: potential for too much “bad” news, resulting in apathetic, disheartened audience
correlation
Ways in which media interpret events and issues and ascribe meanings that help individuals understand roles within larger society. Journalism, advertising and public relations help shape public opinion; media can help maintain social stability
cultural transmission
transference of dominant culture and subculture(s) from one generation to the next or to immigrants. Includes socialization, which helps people learn the rules of society. Potential for homogenized culture that promotes mindless consumption
entertainment
Content designed specifically and exclusively to entertain. Critics argue mass media encourages lowbrow entertainment and escapism. Entertainment can serve to perpetuate certain stereotypes
