Test 1: Chapter 1

Question 1

Five Purposes of the First Amendment

Answer 1

1. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
2. or abridging the freedom of speech,
3. or of the press;
4. or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 5.and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Question 2

How is media changing in a global age?

Answer 2

Changing culture, economics, and social

Question 3

Convergence

Answer 3

The coming together of computing, telecommunications and media in a digital environment

Question 4

Technological Convergence

Answer 4

Rise of digital media and online communication networks. Media—print, audio, video—converging into digital form. Ex: ebooks. Changes that come from new technologies affect business models and established industries. Companies control their media content, but also the means of distribution through specific, strategic networks

Question 5

Economic Convergence

Answer 5

Merging of Internet or telecommunication companies with traditional media companies (Example: Comcast + NBC Universal)•Consolidation: large companies merge and/or absorb other companies = even bigger companies•How has consolidation affected traditional media companies?

Question 6

Economic convergence happens when:

Answer 6

Formerly independent media enterprises further the success of one another bc they fall under the same corporate umbrella•Corporate umbrella includes formerly independent and dissimilar companies

Question 7

Telecommunications Act of 1996

Answer 7

First major overhaul of telecommunications law in 60+ years. The goal: let anyone enter any communications business; let any communicationsbusiness compete in any market against any other

Question 8

Content Control:

Answer 8

a telecom that owns a media company can bolster the user experience for its own content at the expense of other companies

Question 9

Cultural Convergence

Answer 9

Cultural Convergence = Globalization of media content . Example: When an American television show is popular in other countries•Implications: there is an aspect to the media that foreign audiences resonate or identify with = common ground between cultures. Concern: impact on multiculturalism, especially internationally

Question 10

Implications of Convergence

Answer 10

Media organization changes (p. 13)

2. Media type changes (p. 14)
3. Media content changes (p. 15)
4. Media use changes (p. 16)
5. Media distribution changes (p. 17)
6. Media audience changes (p. 18)
7. Media profession changes (p. 20)
8. Attitude and value changes (p. 21)

Question 11

Media Organization Changes

Answer 11

Centralized vs. Converged media organizations

Question 12

Centralized Media

Answer 12

functions of media—production, distribution, marketing & advertising—are controlled by a single unit

Question 13

Converged Media

Answer 13

functions of media are decentralized via the Internet, inviting more diffused methods of production, distribution, marketing & advertising

Question 14

Media Type Changes

Answer 14

How we engage with media in a state of flux. Media is regulated differently, by type•Complex laws/regulations have been created to regulate different forms of media—content, distribution and ownership. Internet disrupts this.

Question 15

Media Content Changes

Answer 15

Traditional, on demand, digititized, wiki, and social media

Question 16

Traditional Content

Answer 16

Shared through a pre-determined, pre-arranged schedule with little if any consultation with audiences

Question 17

On-demand content

Answer 17

Audiences have more control over when they address the content

Question 18

Digitized content

Answer 18

Through digital production & distribution methods, content can be available at any time of day

Question 19

Wiki content

Answer 19

Audiences contribute to production and distribution of content

Question 20

Social Media content

Answer 20

Hyperlinks and Hashtags•Stories told can now connect directly with other content

Question 21

Media Use Changes

Answer 21

24/7 content we can take anywhere through mobile/portable devices; tv channels etc constanly need to fill the time

Question 22

Digital Divide

Answer 22

Assumes equal access to, and knowledge of, variety of advanced technologies—but this is not a universal condition. High cost of telecomm services keeps many categories of people away from this type of media exposure

Question 23

media distribution changes

Answer 23

The Internet now enables a global dialog; content can be more fluid, dynamic and rapidly transmitted. Audiences are increasingly active in media use and distribution, bypassing corporate control, through viral marketing, native advertising, peer-to-peer sharing, and user-generated content

Question 24

Media Audience Changes

Answer 24

traditional, converged, produsers

Question 25

traditional audience communication

Answer 25

ne way communication  large, anonymous audience Audience is limited in communication from source & to each other

Question 26

Converged audience communication

Answer 26

Interactive model: audience creates & distributes own content. Audience engagement with source and to/from each other increases

Question 27

“Produsers” = producer + consumer

Answer 27

Audiences are no longer just media consumers. Audiences take an active role in producing, distributing & sharing media. Can be both passive recipients and active creators. More critical of media —ask questions, collaborate, narrow their media scope

Question 28

Media Profession Changes

Answer 28

ncreased competition & rapid changes in technologies and marketplace. Newsrooms increasingly require journalists to know how to use video and audio to tell their stories. PR professionals & Advertisers: how to best attract attention amongst all the “clutter” of everyday media consumptionCitizen Journalism: •Audience-generated feedback and news coverage•Audiences can determine “news-worthyness”•Interactive relationship where audiences contribute to story content and/or correction (with no corresponding formal training in principles of journalism)

Question 29

Attitude and Value Changes

Answer 29

Increased globalization + digital communication = increased desire for transparency and methods for gaining trust. Online reputation can make/break an individual, company or organization•We now have ranking systems, rating opportunities, comment columns•Companies must monitor online discussions related to their brand. Digital convergence has led to confusion over traditional notions of privacy. What is acceptable? What is not?. Example: sharing a “private” blog post with a larger audience, without the bloggers permission. Behavioral targeting: Advertising technique drawn from information we readily share through our digital footprint. Cookies: digital tracking of our web habits, automatically archived

Question 30

Interpersonal communication (traditional)

Answer 30

Interactive, face-to-face, generally one-to-one, between individuals familiar with each other

Question 31

Mediated interpersonal communication

Answer 31

Interactive, generally one-to-one, between individuals familiar with each other, through an external medium, such as a telephone, IM, text, chat room, or Twitter

Question 32

functions of mass communication

Answer 32

Surveillance, Correlation, Cultural transmission, Entertainment

Question 33

surveillance

Answer 33

Information about the processes, issues, events and other developments in society; primarily connected to journalismConsequence of surveillance: potential for too much “bad” news, resulting in apathetic, disheartened audience

Question 34

correlation

Answer 34

Ways in which media interpret events and issues and ascribe meanings that help individuals understand roles within larger society. Journalism, advertising and public relations help shape public opinion; media can help maintain social stability

Question 35

cultural transmission

Answer 35

transference of dominant culture and subculture(s) from one generation to the next or to immigrants. Includes socialization, which helps people learn the rules of society. Potential for homogenized culture that promotes mindless consumption

Question 36

entertainment

Answer 36

Content designed specifically and exclusively to entertain. Critics argue mass media encourages lowbrow entertainment and escapism. Entertainment can serve to perpetuate certain stereotypes