final exam: Chapter 13

Question 1

media research

Answer 1

systematic and scientific investigation of communication processes and effects

Question 2

Media research methodology

Answer 2

how media research is carried out, either quantitatively or qualitatively

Question 3

media theories

Answer 3

tools to help media professionals predict or explain phenomena and help us understand the world

Question 4

simplified communication model

Answer 4

based on mathematical theory of communication, it includes a source who includes a message or signal which is transmitted to a receiver who decodes it

Question 5

critical theory

Answer 5

influenced by marxist notions of capitalism, exploitation, ideology, and the economy

Question 6

cultural studies

Answer 6

interdisciplinary framework for studying communication that rejects scientific approach while investigating role of culture in creating and maintaining social relations and systems of power

Question 7

propaganda

Answer 7

regular dissemination of belief, doctrine, cause, or information with intent to mold public opinion

Question 8

hypodermic needle model

Answer 8

claims media messages have a profound, direct, and uniform impact on the public

Question 9

What did the Payne Fund studies conclude?

Answer 9

the same film would influence children differently based on their backgrounds and characteristics. It also realized that children can take positive messages from film.

Question 10

Bobo Doll Studies

Answer 10

1950s media–effects experiments showed children who watched TV episodes that rewarded a violent person were more likely to punch a Bobo doll than children who saw episodes that punished a violent person

Question 11

Criticisms of Research

Answer 11

Direct-effects research discredited, yet television, movies, Internet, and video games still blamed for violent or antisocial actions

Believing that audience has no will of its own problematic

Measuring media exposure difficult

Separating intertwined social, cultural, psychological, and other factors to identify clear cause-and-effect explanations difficult

Examining wrong dimension of communications process possible

Question 12

Audiences creating meaning in media

Answer 12

Uses and gratifications
Encoding/decoding
Reception analysis

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

Particular communication of a message that influences our perception of it

Question 14

Cultural Studies

Answer 14

Marked by a broad range of research interests, cultural studies seeks to improve culture rather than just describe it

Question 15

Sociohistorical frameworks

Answer 15

Information society
Political economy
Media ecology
Agenda setting

Question 16

Epistemology

Answer 16

a study of the limitations and validity of knowledge; a framework for understanding the world