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IPAP A&P 1 Chance > Test Number 4 Material > Flashcards

Test Number 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the Neurocranum?

A 
Frontal (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occiptial (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)
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2
Q

What connects the bones together?

A

Fibrous interlocking sutures

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3
Q

What are the two bounding parts of the cranial vault?

A

Calvaria (Skullcap)- made up of the frontal bone, occipital and parietal bones

Basicranium (cranial Base)- Floor of the crannium, formed by the Occipital, sphenoid, temporal, vomer, palatine, portion of the maxillae

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4
Q

What are the functions of the cranial bones?

A
  • Inner surfaces attach to membranes that stabalize positions
  • Outer surfaces: large areas for attachement
  • Facial bones: provide framework for the face and protect/support blood vessels and nerves
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5
Q

How many Cranial bones and Facial bones

A

8 Cranial, 14 Facial

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6
Q

Frontal Bone Characteristics

A

Forms forehead, creates supraorbital margin and frontal sinus

“Black Eye” Accumulation of fluid and blood in the upper eyelid

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7
Q

What are the Trigeminal Nerve Foramina

A

Superior Orbital Fissue V1
Foramen Rotundum V2
Foramen Ovale V3

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8
Q

What structure holds the pituitary gland?

A

Sella Turcica

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the Sella Turcica?

A

Tuberculum Sellae- Anterior Ridge
Hypophyseal Fossa: Central Depression
Dorsum sellae: Posterior ridge

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10
Q

What is one of the functions of the superior and middle nasal conchae? (AKA Turbinates)

A
  • Superior: Participates in sense of smell (Olfactory receptors)
  • Increase vascular surfaceL warms air
  • Causes inhaled air to swirl and impact mucus: Filters air
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11
Q

What action of the ethmoid is similar to?

A

Cyclone Air Filter

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12
Q

Describe the maxillae and mandible

A

Maxillae: Skeleton of upper jaw, fixed to cranial base

Mandible: Forms the lower jaw, articulates with cranial base and TMJ

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13
Q

What do the lacrimal bones house?

A

Lacrimal foss houses the lacrimal sac

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14
Q

What is the functon of the inferior nasal concha?

A

same as the Superior Conchae, but not involved in the sense of smell

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15
Q

What are the 7 bones that form the eye sockets?

A 
Maxillary- Many
Frontal- Friendly
Zygomatic- Zebras
Ethmoid- Enjoy
Lacrimal- Lazy
Sphenoid- Summer
Palatine- Picnics
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16
Q

What bones of the orbit form the Roof? Lateral Wall? Floor? Medial Wall?

A

Roof- Frontal/Sphenoid
Lateral Wall- Zygomatic/Spenoid
Floor- Maxilla, Zygomatic, Palatine
Medial Wall- Maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid

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17
Q

What structures pass through the Magnum Foramen?

A

Medulla Oblongata (its membranes) cranial nerve XI accessory, vertebral and spinal arteries

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18
Q

What structures pass through the Mandibular?

A

Inferior Alveolar nerve and blood vessels

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19
Q

What structures pass through the Mental (chin)?

A

Mental Nerve and Vessels

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20
Q

What structures pass through the Olfactory Foramen?

A

Cranial Nerve (1) Olfactory

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21
Q

Structures that pass Optic Foramen

A

Cranial Nerve (2) Optic and Ophthalmic artery

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22
Q

Structures pass the Ovale

A

Mandibular branch of the cranial nerve (5) Trigeminal

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23
Q

Structures pass through the Rotundum

A

Maxillary Branch of Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

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24
Q

Structure of the Stylomastoid

A

Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial) and stylomastoid

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25
Q

What are the four sutures of the skull?

A

Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoidal and squamous

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26
Q

Define Fontanels

A

Dense Connective tissue membrane-filled space between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. Remain unossified at birth until childhood

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27
Q

What are the four major fontanels?

A

Anterior, Posterior, Anterolaterals, Posterolaterals

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28
Q

What are the two major functions of fontanels?

A

Enable fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal.

Permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy

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29
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinus?

A

-Lighten the skull and are sound resonating chambers

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31
Q

What cranial bones make up the sinuses?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae.

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32
Q

What muscles move the Mandible?

A

Masseter, temporalis, & pterygoids

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33
Q

What Cranial nerve provides the mandible?

A

Cranial Nerve V

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34
Q

What does the Lateral Pterygoid do?

A

Protracts mandible
Depresses the mandible
- Only one of four muscles of mastication to depress the mandible

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35
Q

What does the medial pterygoid do?

A

Elevates and protracts mandible

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36
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue and where they arise?

A

Genioglossus- From inside tip of mandible

Styloglossus- From styloid process

Palatoglossus- From hard palate

Hypoglossus- from hyoid bone

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37
Q

How does indubation affect these muscles?

A

During Anesthesia the genioglossus relaxes and the tongue falls posteriorly, blocking the airway

38
Q

What are the branches of the CN VII Facial Nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal Mandibular
Cervical
39
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A 
Origin: 
Occipital Belly: Occipital Bone
Frontal Belly: galea aponeurotica
Insertion: 
Occipital: Galea Aponeurotica
Action: Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead 
Innervation: Temporal Branch
40
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

Origin: Muscle Fibers surrounding mouth opening
Insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth
Action: closes/protrudes lips, shapes lips during speech, compresses lips against teeth
Innervation: Buccal Branch

41
Q

Zygomatic Major/Minor

A

Origin: Zygomatic Bone
Insertion: Ma: skin at angle of mouth/obicularis oris/Minor: upper lip
Action:
Major: Draws angle of mouth superiorly, and laterally
Minor: Raises upper lip, exposing maxillary teeth
Innervation: Zygomatic and Buccal

42
Q

Levator Labii

A

Origin: Zygomatic Bone
Insertion: Skin at tangle of mouth and orbicularis oris
Action: raises upper lip
Innervation: Zygomatic Branch

43
Q

Depressor Labi

A

Origin: Zygomatic Bone
Insertion: Skin of lower lip
Action: depresses lower lip
Innervation: marginal mandibular branch

44
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A

Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: angle of mouth
Action: draws angle of mouth laterally and inferiorly Innervation: Marginal Mandibular branch

45
Q

Buccinator

A

Origin:
Insertion: orbicularis oris
Action: presses against teeth/lips, keeps food with teeth and assists in mastication
Innervation: Buccal Branch

46
Q

Risorius

A

Origin:
Insertion: Skin at the angle of the mouth
Action: draws angle of mouth laterally as in gimacing
Innervation: buccal Branch

47
Q

Mentalis

A

Origin:
Insertion: Skin of chin
Action: Elevates and protrudes lower lip , pulls skin as in pouting
Innervation: Marginal Mandibular Branch

48
Q

Platysama

A

Origin:
Insertion: Mandible muscle around the nagle of the mouth and skin of lower face
Action: Draws outerlip inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting and depresses mandible
Innervation: Cervical Branch

49
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

Origin:
Insertion: Circular path around orbit
Action: closes and squints eye, depresses upper eyelid and elevates lower eyelid
Innervation: Temporal/Zygomatic

50
Q

Corrugator supercilii

A

Origin:
Insertion:
Action: Draws eyebrows inferiorly and medially, wrinkles forehead vertically as in frowning
Innervation Temporal Branch

51
Q

What is the SCALP Acronym?

A

S: Skin (composed of both epithelial and dense irregular connective tissue)
C: Connective Tissue (Hypodermis)
A: Aponeurosis (Epicranial Aponeurosis)
L: Loose Connective Tissue (“Danger Space”)
P: Pericranium

52
Q

What layers move together as one unit when wrinkling the forehead or moving the scalp?

A

First three

53
Q

Tell me three characteristics of the Hyoid Bone?

A
  • Structure: Horizontal body and paired projections with greater/lesser horns, (U Shaped)
  • Articulation: No articulation with bones, suspended by ligament and muscle from the skill
  • Attachment site for the tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles
54
Q

Sternocleidmastoid

A

Origin: Sternum/Clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Action: laterally flexes the neck and rotates the face in opposite directions, Flexes the cervical vertebrae/extends head

55
Q

What nerve innervates the sternocleidomatoid and the Trapezius?

A

CN XI

56
Q

What are the four suboccipital region muscles?

A

Rectus capitis posterior (Major/Minor)

Obliquus capitis, both inferior and superior

57
Q

What are the four Suprahyoid muscles and there actions?

A

Diagastric- used to open mouth
Mylohyoid- supports floor of the mouth and elevated hyoid bone during swallowing
Stylohyoid & Geniohyoid- elevate during swallowing

58
Q

What are four Infrahyoid muscles and their actions?

A

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid

Most of the muscles depress the hyid bone and move the layrnx during swallowing and speech (Strap)

59
Q

What artery supplies branches to the pericardium, esophogus, bronchi, diaphram, intercostal and chest muscles, Mammary Glands skin, vertebre and spinal cord»

A

Thoracic Artery

60
Q

Describe Veterbral Artery Characteristics

A
  • Direct branches of subclavian arteries
  • Course through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
  • unit to form the unpaired basilar artery on ventral surface of the pons
61
Q

Describe Internal Carotid arteries

A
  • Branches of the common carotid artery
  • Enter skull through carotid canals (foramina)
  • Contribute to circle of Willis and supplies eyeballs and parts of the brain
62
Q

What doe the arterial circle of willis do>

A
  • Its an anastomosis
  • Connect anterior and posterior blood supplies by interconnecting the branches of the basilar artery with the internal carotid arteries
  • Helps maintain alternate pathways and pressure if block or occulsion occurs
63
Q

Where do the external and internal jugular arteries drain?

A

Into the superior vena cava

64
Q

What is the purpose of the cervical plexus?

A
  • Supplies skin, muscle, part of the head, neck and upper part of the shoulders
  • Connects cranial nerves XI and XII
  • Noted at C1-C5
65
Q

What are the four cervical plexus cutaneous branches?

A

Lesser Occipital Nerve: Supplies the skin of the nec/scalp
Great Auricular Nerve:
skin over the parotid gland, mastoid process, auricle, and the area of the skin from the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process
Transverse Cervical Nerve: Supplies skin covering the anterior cervical region
Supracavaicular Nerve: Suply the skin over the shoulder

66
Q

What damage cause respiratory arrest?

A

C3-C5, innervate diaphram

67
Q

What nerve is responsible for the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

68
Q

What CN move the mandible?

A

Trigeminal (CN V)

69
Q

What CN Moves the Platysma muscle?

A

CN VII

70
Q

What muscle move the sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius?

A

Acessory (XI)

71
Q

What is the only joint that exists in the skull?

A

TMJ (Temoporomandibular Joint)

72
Q

What are the four structures involved with the TMJ?

A

Mandibular Fossa of the Temporal Bone
Articular Tubercle
Articular Disc
Head of the Mandible

73
Q

What are the four muscles of the TMJ?

A

Temporal, Masseter, Lateral and medial pterygoid

74
Q

What are the two posterior angles of the neck?

A

Occipital Triangle and Subclavian Triangle

75
Q

What three structures are important in the Occipital Triangle?

A

Occipital Artery
Accessory Nerve
Cervical Plexus

76
Q

What two structures are important in the Subclavian Triangle?

A

Subclavian Artery and Vein

77
Q

What are the four subdivisions of the anterior triangle?

A

submandibular, submental, muscular, carotid

78
Q

What noteable structures are in the submental triangle?

A

Mylohoid

79
Q

What notable structures exist in the submandibular triangle?

A

Submandibular lymph nodes, facial artery and vein

80
Q

What notable structures exist in the carotid triangle?

A

Common carotid artery, Vagus Nerve, Internal jugular vein

81
Q

What notable structures exist in the muscular triangle?

A

Contains infrahyoid muscles/viscera of the neck, such as thyroid and parathyroid glands, Larynx

82
Q

What are some examples of transient nerves?

A

“Just passing through” nerves, Vagus nerve and phrenic nerve

83
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spine and how many bones exist in each?

A 
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (5)
Coccyx(4, fused)
84
Q

How many curves of the spine are there?

A

4, 2 anteriorly convex, 2 anteriorly concave

Cervical and Lumbar (convex)
Thoracic and Sacral (Concave)

85
Q

Define Kyphosis

A

Humpback- Abdormal increased thoracic Curve, result of osteoperosis

86
Q

Define Lordosis

A

“sway back” abdormal increase in lumbar curvature,

causes include pregnancy and obesity

87
Q

Define Scoliosis

A

(Curved back) Abdormal lateral curvature accompanied by rotation of the vertebra

88
Q

Define the atlas and axis, vertebra prominens

A

Atlas supports the skull, axis permits side to side rotation of the head, Vertebral prominens are different than 3-6

89
Q

What are the two craniovetebral joint?

A

Atlano-occipital joint between the atlas and occipital bone of the skull

Atlantoaxial Joint between atlas and axis

Both are Synovial Joints

90
Q

Describe a “Hangman’s Fracture”

A

Fracture to both Pedicles of Vertebra C2 Axis, caused by forcible hyperextension of the head, common in falls, motor accidents

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