Test Number 4 Material Flashcards
What are the bones of the Neurocranum?
Frontal (1) Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occiptial (1) Sphenoid (1) Ethmoid (1)
What connects the bones together?
Fibrous interlocking sutures
What are the two bounding parts of the cranial vault?
Calvaria (Skullcap)- made up of the frontal bone, occipital and parietal bones
Basicranium (cranial Base)- Floor of the crannium, formed by the Occipital, sphenoid, temporal, vomer, palatine, portion of the maxillae
What are the functions of the cranial bones?
- Inner surfaces attach to membranes that stabalize positions
- Outer surfaces: large areas for attachement
- Facial bones: provide framework for the face and protect/support blood vessels and nerves
How many Cranial bones and Facial bones
8 Cranial, 14 Facial
Frontal Bone Characteristics
Forms forehead, creates supraorbital margin and frontal sinus
“Black Eye” Accumulation of fluid and blood in the upper eyelid
What are the Trigeminal Nerve Foramina
Superior Orbital Fissue V1
Foramen Rotundum V2
Foramen Ovale V3
What structure holds the pituitary gland?
Sella Turcica
What are the three parts of the Sella Turcica?
Tuberculum Sellae- Anterior Ridge
Hypophyseal Fossa: Central Depression
Dorsum sellae: Posterior ridge
What is one of the functions of the superior and middle nasal conchae? (AKA Turbinates)
- Superior: Participates in sense of smell (Olfactory receptors)
- Increase vascular surfaceL warms air
- Causes inhaled air to swirl and impact mucus: Filters air
What action of the ethmoid is similar to?
Cyclone Air Filter
Describe the maxillae and mandible
Maxillae: Skeleton of upper jaw, fixed to cranial base
Mandible: Forms the lower jaw, articulates with cranial base and TMJ
What do the lacrimal bones house?
Lacrimal foss houses the lacrimal sac
What is the functon of the inferior nasal concha?
same as the Superior Conchae, but not involved in the sense of smell
What are the 7 bones that form the eye sockets?
Maxillary- Many Frontal- Friendly Zygomatic- Zebras Ethmoid- Enjoy Lacrimal- Lazy Sphenoid- Summer Palatine- Picnics
What bones of the orbit form the Roof? Lateral Wall? Floor? Medial Wall?
Roof- Frontal/Sphenoid
Lateral Wall- Zygomatic/Spenoid
Floor- Maxilla, Zygomatic, Palatine
Medial Wall- Maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid
What structures pass through the Magnum Foramen?
Medulla Oblongata (its membranes) cranial nerve XI accessory, vertebral and spinal arteries
What structures pass through the Mandibular?
Inferior Alveolar nerve and blood vessels
What structures pass through the Mental (chin)?
Mental Nerve and Vessels
What structures pass through the Olfactory Foramen?
Cranial Nerve (1) Olfactory
Structures that pass Optic Foramen
Cranial Nerve (2) Optic and Ophthalmic artery
Structures pass the Ovale
Mandibular branch of the cranial nerve (5) Trigeminal
Structures pass through the Rotundum
Maxillary Branch of Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)
Structure of the Stylomastoid
Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial) and stylomastoid
What are the four sutures of the skull?
Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoidal and squamous
Define Fontanels
Dense Connective tissue membrane-filled space between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. Remain unossified at birth until childhood
What are the four major fontanels?
Anterior, Posterior, Anterolaterals, Posterolaterals
What are the two major functions of fontanels?
Enable fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal.
Permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
What is the purpose of the paranasal sinus?
-Lighten the skull and are sound resonating chambers
What cranial bones make up the sinuses?
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae.
What muscles move the Mandible?
Masseter, temporalis, & pterygoids
What Cranial nerve provides the mandible?
Cranial Nerve V
What does the Lateral Pterygoid do?
Protracts mandible
Depresses the mandible
- Only one of four muscles of mastication to depress the mandible
What does the medial pterygoid do?
Elevates and protracts mandible
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue and where they arise?
Genioglossus- From inside tip of mandible
Styloglossus- From styloid process
Palatoglossus- From hard palate
Hypoglossus- from hyoid bone
How does indubation affect these muscles?
During Anesthesia the genioglossus relaxes and the tongue falls posteriorly, blocking the airway
What are the branches of the CN VII Facial Nerve?
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal Mandibular Cervical
Occipitofrontalis
Origin: Occipital Belly: Occipital Bone Frontal Belly: galea aponeurotica Insertion: Occipital: Galea Aponeurotica Action: Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead Innervation: Temporal Branch
Orbicularis Oris
Origin: Muscle Fibers surrounding mouth opening
Insertion: Skin at the corner of the mouth
Action: closes/protrudes lips, shapes lips during speech, compresses lips against teeth
Innervation: Buccal Branch
Zygomatic Major/Minor
Origin: Zygomatic Bone
Insertion: Ma: skin at angle of mouth/obicularis oris/Minor: upper lip
Action:
Major: Draws angle of mouth superiorly, and laterally
Minor: Raises upper lip, exposing maxillary teeth
Innervation: Zygomatic and Buccal
Levator Labii
Origin: Zygomatic Bone
Insertion: Skin at tangle of mouth and orbicularis oris
Action: raises upper lip
Innervation: Zygomatic Branch
Depressor Labi
Origin: Zygomatic Bone
Insertion: Skin of lower lip
Action: depresses lower lip
Innervation: marginal mandibular branch
Depressor Anguli Oris
Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: angle of mouth
Action: draws angle of mouth laterally and inferiorly Innervation: Marginal Mandibular branch
Buccinator
Origin:
Insertion: orbicularis oris
Action: presses against teeth/lips, keeps food with teeth and assists in mastication
Innervation: Buccal Branch
Risorius
Origin:
Insertion: Skin at the angle of the mouth
Action: draws angle of mouth laterally as in gimacing
Innervation: buccal Branch
Mentalis
Origin:
Insertion: Skin of chin
Action: Elevates and protrudes lower lip , pulls skin as in pouting
Innervation: Marginal Mandibular Branch
Platysama
Origin:
Insertion: Mandible muscle around the nagle of the mouth and skin of lower face
Action: Draws outerlip inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting and depresses mandible
Innervation: Cervical Branch
Orbicularis Oculi
Origin:
Insertion: Circular path around orbit
Action: closes and squints eye, depresses upper eyelid and elevates lower eyelid
Innervation: Temporal/Zygomatic
Corrugator supercilii
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: Draws eyebrows inferiorly and medially, wrinkles forehead vertically as in frowning
Innervation Temporal Branch
What is the SCALP Acronym?
S: Skin (composed of both epithelial and dense irregular connective tissue)
C: Connective Tissue (Hypodermis)
A: Aponeurosis (Epicranial Aponeurosis)
L: Loose Connective Tissue (“Danger Space”)
P: Pericranium
What layers move together as one unit when wrinkling the forehead or moving the scalp?
First three
Tell me three characteristics of the Hyoid Bone?
- Structure: Horizontal body and paired projections with greater/lesser horns, (U Shaped)
- Articulation: No articulation with bones, suspended by ligament and muscle from the skill
- Attachment site for the tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles
Sternocleidmastoid
Origin: Sternum/Clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Action: laterally flexes the neck and rotates the face in opposite directions, Flexes the cervical vertebrae/extends head
What nerve innervates the sternocleidomatoid and the Trapezius?
CN XI
What are the four suboccipital region muscles?
Rectus capitis posterior (Major/Minor)
Obliquus capitis, both inferior and superior
What are the four Suprahyoid muscles and there actions?
Diagastric- used to open mouth
Mylohyoid- supports floor of the mouth and elevated hyoid bone during swallowing
Stylohyoid & Geniohyoid- elevate during swallowing
What are four Infrahyoid muscles and their actions?
Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid
Most of the muscles depress the hyid bone and move the layrnx during swallowing and speech (Strap)
What artery supplies branches to the pericardium, esophogus, bronchi, diaphram, intercostal and chest muscles, Mammary Glands skin, vertebre and spinal cord»
Thoracic Artery
Describe Veterbral Artery Characteristics
- Direct branches of subclavian arteries
- Course through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
- unit to form the unpaired basilar artery on ventral surface of the pons
Describe Internal Carotid arteries
- Branches of the common carotid artery
- Enter skull through carotid canals (foramina)
- Contribute to circle of Willis and supplies eyeballs and parts of the brain
What doe the arterial circle of willis do>
- Its an anastomosis
- Connect anterior and posterior blood supplies by interconnecting the branches of the basilar artery with the internal carotid arteries
- Helps maintain alternate pathways and pressure if block or occulsion occurs
Where do the external and internal jugular arteries drain?
Into the superior vena cava
What is the purpose of the cervical plexus?
- Supplies skin, muscle, part of the head, neck and upper part of the shoulders
- Connects cranial nerves XI and XII
- Noted at C1-C5
What are the four cervical plexus cutaneous branches?
Lesser Occipital Nerve: Supplies the skin of the nec/scalp
Great Auricular Nerve:
skin over the parotid gland, mastoid process, auricle, and the area of the skin from the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process
Transverse Cervical Nerve: Supplies skin covering the anterior cervical region
Supracavaicular Nerve: Suply the skin over the shoulder
What damage cause respiratory arrest?
C3-C5, innervate diaphram
What nerve is responsible for the muscles of facial expression?
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
What CN move the mandible?
Trigeminal (CN V)
What CN Moves the Platysma muscle?
CN VII
What muscle move the sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius?
Acessory (XI)
What is the only joint that exists in the skull?
TMJ (Temoporomandibular Joint)
What are the four structures involved with the TMJ?
Mandibular Fossa of the Temporal Bone
Articular Tubercle
Articular Disc
Head of the Mandible
What are the four muscles of the TMJ?
Temporal, Masseter, Lateral and medial pterygoid
What are the two posterior angles of the neck?
Occipital Triangle and Subclavian Triangle
What three structures are important in the Occipital Triangle?
Occipital Artery
Accessory Nerve
Cervical Plexus
What two structures are important in the Subclavian Triangle?
Subclavian Artery and Vein
What are the four subdivisions of the anterior triangle?
submandibular, submental, muscular, carotid
What noteable structures are in the submental triangle?
Mylohoid
What notable structures exist in the submandibular triangle?
Submandibular lymph nodes, facial artery and vein
What notable structures exist in the carotid triangle?
Common carotid artery, Vagus Nerve, Internal jugular vein
What notable structures exist in the muscular triangle?
Contains infrahyoid muscles/viscera of the neck, such as thyroid and parathyroid glands, Larynx
What are some examples of transient nerves?
“Just passing through” nerves, Vagus nerve and phrenic nerve
What are the 5 regions of the spine and how many bones exist in each?
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5) Coccyx(4, fused)
How many curves of the spine are there?
4, 2 anteriorly convex, 2 anteriorly concave
Cervical and Lumbar (convex)
Thoracic and Sacral (Concave)
Define Kyphosis
Humpback- Abdormal increased thoracic Curve, result of osteoperosis
Define Lordosis
“sway back” abdormal increase in lumbar curvature,
causes include pregnancy and obesity
Define Scoliosis
(Curved back) Abdormal lateral curvature accompanied by rotation of the vertebra
Define the atlas and axis, vertebra prominens
Atlas supports the skull, axis permits side to side rotation of the head, Vertebral prominens are different than 3-6
What are the two craniovetebral joint?
Atlano-occipital joint between the atlas and occipital bone of the skull
Atlantoaxial Joint between atlas and axis
Both are Synovial Joints
Describe a “Hangman’s Fracture”
Fracture to both Pedicles of Vertebra C2 Axis, caused by forcible hyperextension of the head, common in falls, motor accidents
