Organization of the Human Body/Cells Flashcards
Name the 7 Characteristics of Living Things
1) Cells
2) Metabolism
3) Irritability
4) Growth
5) Reproduction
6) Differentiation
7) Movement
CE, ME, IRRIGATING, &, GROWING, REPURPOSING, DIFFERENT, MONKEYS
Define Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes in the body
Define the difference between Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism: Breakdown complex chemicals to simple
Anabolism: Building of complex chemicals from simple
Define the difference between Intracellular Fluid and Extracellular Fluid
Intra: fluid within cells
Extra: fluid outside cells
Name the 7 ECF
1) Interstitial fluid
2) Plasma
3) Lymph
4) CSF (Cerebrospinal)
5) Synovial
6) Aqueous Humor
7) Vitreous Body
Enter Cliff, passing back ceremoniously Soviet, water humor in serious eye sockets.
What two systems are responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Nervous, Endocrine, both use Negative Feedback
What are the three components of a the feedback system?
Receptor, Control, Effector
Define how a negative feedback system works?
Setting processes to reverse the original stimulus, most common
Define how a positive feedback system works?
Strengthen or reinforces a change in condition/continues until interrupted from outside mechanism
Define the Difference between Disease and Disorder
Disease: specific illness that has recognizable signs/symptoms
Disorder: abnormality of structure or function
Define local and systemic
Local: generalized to one area of the body
Systemic: Body wide
Define Sign/Symptoms
Sign: Objective changes/measurable
Symptoms: Subjective/observer
What cavities comprise the Dorsal Body?
Cranial/Vertebral
What cavities comprise the Ventral Body>
Thoraic/Abdominalpelivc (Visceral organs)
How many and what membranes exist in the Pleura?
Visceral Pleura: surface of lungs
Parietal Pleura: lines chest wall
Pleural cavity: Between the two
Peritoneum?
Visceral Peritoneum: covers abdominal viscera
Parietal Peritoneum: lines abdominal wall
Cavity: between the two no organs
Define: Pleurisy, Peritonitis
Pleurisy, inflammation of the pleurae/Peritonitis: Inflamation of the peritonea
Define Intraperitoneal/Retroperitoneal
Intra: Within the peritoneal
Retro: behind the peritoneal
What are the four quadrants of the abdominal pevlic regions?
Right Upper Quad
Right Lower Quad
Left Upper Quad
Left Lower Quad
RUQ Organs
Gallbladder, Right Lobe of Liver, Doudenum, Head of Pancreas, Small Intestine, Superior portion of the the Ascending Colin, Transverse Colin, R(Kidney), Pylorus of the Stomach
LUQ Organs
Left Lobe of Liver/Stomach/Body & Tail of Pancreas/Spleen/Transverse of Colon/Superior portion of decending colon, (L) Kidney
RLQ Organs
Vermform Appendix/Inferior of Ascending Colon
LLQ Organs
Inferior portion of Decending Colon, Small Intestine
Benefits of the Fluid Membrane
Cell Movement/Growth/ Division/Self-Sealing
What is the breakdown of material of the Lipid Bilayer?
Phospholipids (75%)
Cholesterol (20%)
Glycolipds (5%)
What is amphipathic?
Both polar and non-polar
3 Characteristics of Cholesterol in the Bilayer
1) Makes bilayer less fluid( stronger)
2) More fluid at low temperatures
3) weak amphipathic/fills space
Difference between Intergral and peripheral proteins
Integral: extend through/well into bilayer
(transmembrane, amphipathic
Peripheral:One side of membrane/attaches to phosph heads/integral proteins
Membrane Protein Functions
1) Ion Channels
2) Carriers
3) Receptors
4) Enzymes
5) Linkers
6) Cell Identity markers
Functions of Glycocalyx
1) Protect from Enzymatic
2) Cell Adhesion
3) Cell recognition
Membrane Gradiants?
Differences of attributes in one place v. another
What are three types of gradients?
Concentration, Electrical, Electrochemical
Name the two Passive Processes of movement through the membrane
Diffusion and Filtration
Name the two Acitive Processes of material movement through the membrane
Active/Bulk Transport
Name the 10 factors that affect diffusion rate and diffusion amount
1) Steepness of Gradient
2) Temp
3) Surface Area
4) Distance
5) Mass of Substance
6) Density of Substance
7) Size
8) Shape
9) Permeability
10) Lipid Solubility
Define Osmotic Pressure
Amount of pressure require to offset the net movement of water
How much (By percentage) does the body spend of its ATP using Primary Transport?
40%
Define the difference between Symporters and Antiporters
Symporters: two substances in the same direction
Antiporters: two substances moved in the opposite direction
Define Secondary Active Transport
A Concentration gradient established by Primary Active Transport, utlizes energy obtained by hydrolysis
Define Bulk Transport
Vesicular transportation via endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis
Define:
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis
Endo: highly selective, example is phagocytosis, includes pinocytosis (cell drinking)
Exocytosis: Intracellular cesicle is moved to the plasma membrane and out of the cell
Transcytosis- uses vesicles to move substances into, across and outside the cell
Percentage of composition of Cystol
75-90% Water, 10-25% solids
Define Cytoskeleton
Structural Framework for the cell to determine cell shape, organize cell contents, provide movement
Define Microfilaments
Thinnest, actin contractile, anchor skeleton to plasma membrane
Intermediate Filaments
Throughout Cell, strong, provide mechanical reinforcement to stabilize the position of orgonells and Nucleus
Microtubules
Largest, hollow tubes, help determine cell shape, participates in movements/cell divisions
Nucleus
1) Largest
2) Contains DNA
3) Double Membrane
4) Information repository of the cell
Nuclear Envelope
Inner/outer membrane
Rough ER
Nuclear Pores
Passive movement by Diffusion, Larger brought by active transport
Nucleolus
Dense pack of RNA/DNA/Protein
“Blob of Ribosomal RNA”
Chromatin
Complex of DNA/Proteins, relaxed uncoiled chromosomes of interphase nucleus
Ribosomes
1) Amino Acids Assembled here
2) Site of Protein Synthesis
3) Free or Attached
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER: Without Ribosomes, Synthesizes:
- Phospholipids, Fats, Testosterone
Rough ER: With Ribosomes, Synthesizes:
- Secretory proteins/linear
Golgi Complex
1) Composed of Cisternae
2) Synthesizes Carbohydrates
3) Packages proteins into vesicles
4) Packaging and Export Mechanism for the Cell
Mitochondria
1) Power house of the cell
2) Contains own DNA
3) Contains Enzymes for Cellular Resperation and Kreb Cycle
4) 2 Membrane
Lysosomes
1) From Golgi
2) Tummy of the Cell
3) Cleans (Enzymes, Acidic pH)
Peroxisomes
1) From Golgi
2) Contain Oxidases
3) Breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide
4) Self-Replicating
Proteasome
1) Contain Many Proteases
2) Recycles Amino Acids
3) Cuts proteins
Centrosomes
1) Near Nucleus
2) Paired Perpandicular cylinders
3) Assembles microtubules
Vacuoles
Membraneous sacs that can be used to store, retrieve and transfer digestive materials in the cell
Give Examples of Inclusions
Non-Living Components of a Cell:
- Glycogen
- Lipids
- Crystals
- Pigments
