General Terms and Definitions for Test#3 Flashcards
How many bones exist in the axial skeleton? Appendicular Skeleton
80, 126
What are the 5 bone types?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Where do sutural bones lie?
In joints between skull bones
What are some characteristics of Long bones?
- Greater length, than width
- Consists of Shafts and extremities
- slightly curved for strength
- Most compact bone is in diaphysis, spongy in epiphysis
Examples: Femur, Tibia, humerous, Ulna
Short Bone Characteritics
- Nearly equal in length and width
- Mainly spongy bone except for surface
- Example (Carpal Bones of Wrist)
Flat Bone Characteristics
- Generally thin
- two nearly parrelle plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy
- Extensive areas for muscle attachement
Ex. Carnial, Sternum, Ribs, scapulae
Irregular Bone characteristics
- Complex shapes, varies in amount of spongy and compact bone
- Ex. Vertebre, hip Bones, Clacaneous
Sesamoid Bone Characteristics
- Can develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress
- Protect from excessive wear and tear
- Varies from person to person
- Not always completely ossefied
Sutrural Bone Characteristics
(Wormian Bones)
- Identified by location rather than shape
- In between cranial bones
Foramen
Opening
Fossa
Shallow depression
Sulcus
Groove
Meatus
Tubelike passageway or canal
Condye
Large round prominance at the end of a bone, typically part of a joint
Malleolus
Bony prominence, on each side of the ankle
Facet
Smooth flat articular surface
Eminence
Relatively small projection or bump
Trochanter
Very Large Projection
Tuberosity
Large, rounded, typically, roughened projection (usually on the shaft, perhaps the base of a bone)
Tubercle
Small rounded projection (found near the head of a bone)
Parallel Arrangement of Muscles
- Fascicles run parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate at either end of flat tension
Fusiform Arrangement
Similar to Parallel, muscle tapers toward tendons where diameter is less than the belly.
Circular Arrangement
Sphincter, “squeezer”, sphincter muscles that enclose, an orifice
Triangular (Convergent) Arrangement
Gives a triangular appearance, Spread over a broad area and converge, at a thick central tendon
Unipennate Arrangement
Short in relation to total muscle length, and are arrangend on only one side of the tendon
Bipennate Arrangement
Arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons which extend the entire length of the muscle
Multipennate Arrangement
Fasicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
Explain Physiological cross section
Muscle force is propotional to the physiological cross-section
- Muscle velocity is proportional to muscle length
Pennate Cross Section
- Considerable high power over a short range of movement
Parallel and Fusiform Cross Section
Produce greater speed over a longer range of movement
What is Hilton’s Law?
Observation that innervates a joint also tends to innervation the muscles that move the joint and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles
Entrapment Neuropathy
Physical Compression or irrational major nerve trunks and peripheral nerves, producing distant nerve pain symptoms
What are some symptoms of Entrapment Neuropathy?
Tingling and pain, often accompanies by reducing sensation or complete numbness, can have muscle weakness from muscle atrophy
What is Venae Comitantes>
Veins that accompany their homonymous artery
What are the 4 components of the upper limb?
Shoulder: to include the segment of the limb that overlaps the thorax back of the trunk and lower lateral neck
Arm
Forearm: elbow to wrist
Hand
What comprises the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and Scapula
Where does the collar bone (clavicle) lie?
Horizontally in the superior and anterior part of the thorax, superior to the first rib and articulates with the sternum and scapula
What is the most frequently broken bone in the upper limb?
Clavicle, breaks normally occur at the curvatures of the bone
What are the two ends of the clavicle?
Acromial Extremity and Sternal Extremity
Where does the scapula articulate?
Articulates with the clavicle and humerous, it articulates with other bones anteriorly but are held in place posteriorly only by the complex of the should and back musculature
Where does the Acromioclavicular joint sit?
Lateral (acromial) end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula
What are the stabilizing ligaments of the AC Joint?
AC Ligament, Coracocavicular Ligaments:
- Trapezioid Ligament
- Conioid Ligament
Explain the characteristics of the Humerous
- Longest and largest bone of the upper limb
- Articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow, with the radius and ulna
What joint is the articulating point with the scapula?
Glenohumeral Joint (Glenoid Cavity of the Scapula) (Shoulder Joint)
What muscles either insert or have their origin at the Lesser Tuberacle of the Humerous?
Subscapularis
What muscles either insert or have their origin at the Greater Tuberacle of the Humerous?
Supraspinatis, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor
Where is the anatomical neck of the humerous located?
Between the tuberacles of the head and the site of attachment of the articular capsule
What muscle sits in the intertubercular sulcus?
Contains the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
What is the surgical neck and where does it sit on the humerus?
Located distal to the tubercles, it is the point where the humerous is frequently broken
Where does the deltoid tuberosity sit on the humerous?
In the middle shaft, site of attachment for the deltoid muscle
What composes the medial epicondyle of the distal humerus>
The Larger of the two, the medial epicondyle is the termination of the medial supracondylar ridge
What composes the lateral epicondyle of the distal protion of the humerus?
The anterior surface is the sharp lateral supracondylar ridge on the shaft of the bone that ends in the lateral epicondyle
Where does the capitulium and trochlea sit?
Capitualum :
Near the lateral epicondyle
Trochlea: an indentation more medial in position
What are the two anterior depressions in the bone that receive the parts of the radius and ulna when flexed?
Radial Fossa which lies above the capitulum
Deep coronoid dossa located above the
Define Impact Fractures
- One fragment is driven into the spongy bone of another fragment
- Tend to be stable, can move passively with little pain
Define Avulsion fractures
When a ligament or tendon attached to bone pulls away part of the bone (Greater tubercle of the humerus)
- Fixed with fixation back to the bone with screws
Transverse Fx
Usually from a direct blow to the arm, deltoid often pull the fragment laterally
Fractures at the humerus affect which nerves based on the location of the fracture?
Surgical Neck: Axillary nerve
Shaft: radial nerve
Distal End: Median Nerve
Medial Epicondyle: Ulnar Nerve
What part of the ulna contains the olecranon?
Proximal end, which forms the promienance of the elbow
Where is the coronoid process located?
Anterior projection at the proximal end
What forms the trochlear notich?
The olecranon and the coronoid process
What does the radial notch do?
Depression that receives the head of the radius
Where is the ulnar tuberosity located?
Just inferior to the coronoid process
Where is the styloid process located on the ulna?
Distal end attachment point for Ulnar Collateral ligament of the wrist
What does the proximal end of radius articulate with?
The capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulnar
Where is the constricted neck located?
Just inferior to the head
What attachment point on the radius serves as an attachment point for the tendons of the biceps brachii muscle?
Radial Tuberosity
What process on the lateral side and can be felt proximal to the thumb? What attached?
Styloid process for the brachioradialis muscle and the radial collateral ligament to the wrist
What is the interosseous membrane? What is its purpose?
Broad flat, fibrous connective tissue that joins the shafts of the radius and ulna/ also attachment site for some tendons of the deep and skeletal muscles of the forearm
What is the radioulnar articulations?
head of the radius with the ulna’s radial notch
What serves as a trochlea pully for the tendon
Dorsal tubercule of the radius, AKA Lister’s Tubercle
How many bones make up the hand?
8 carpal bones
5 Metacarpal bones
14 Phalanges
What bones are in the proximal row (lateral to medial) of carpal bones?>
Scaphoid- Boat shaped
Lunate- Moon Shaped
Triquetrum- 3 corners
Pisiform- pea shaped
What bones are in the distal row of carpal bones?
Trapezium-
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
What are the “Knuckle” joints called?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
What is site where the limb joins the trunk?
Axilla
What vein is most commonly used for normal veniupuncture?
Bracheocephalic Vein
Name the arterial supply from the aorta to the wrist
Aorta, Vertebral, Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial/Ulnar
What muscles make up the thoracoappendicular section?
Anteriorly:
- Pectoralis Major
- Pectroalis Minor
- Serratus Anterior
- Subclavis
Posteriorly:
- Latissimus Dorsi
Describe a winged scapula
Its a long thoracic nerve injury which paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle
- Arm cannot be abducted beyond the horizontal position
What are the components of the superficial back muscles?
- Trapezius
- Latissimus Dorsi
- LEvator Scapulae
- Rhomboids (Major and Minor)
What muscles form the traingle of asculation?
Superior Horizontal Border of the Latissimus Dorsi
- Medial Border of the Scapula
- interolateral border of the trapezius
What 4 joints are associated with the glenohumeral joint?
Glenohumeral, Acromioclavicular, Sternoclavicular, and Scapulothoracic
How much of the humeral head articulates with the glenoid cavity?
About 1/3, held in place by tonus of the rotator cuff
What are the muscles of the scapulohumeral section?
Deltoid, Supraspinatis, Infraspinatus, Teres Major, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
What are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres Minor
What muscle does not rotate the humerous of the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
What structure separates the coracoacromial ligament and supraspinatus?
Subacromial Bursa
Define the axilla
The pyramidal space inferior to the glenohumeral joint and superior to the axillary fascia
What are the four parts of the axilla?
Apex- Lies between the first rib, clavicle, and superior edge of scapularis
Base-formed by the concave skin, subcutaneous tissue,
Anterior Wall: Formed by the pectoralis Major/minor
Lateral Wall- Narrow bony wall formed by the intertubercular groove of the humerous
What are the three divisions of the axillary artery?
1) Superior Thoracic artery
2) Thoracoacromial Artery
3) Lateral Thoracic Artery
What nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus?
Axillary Nerve
Name the 4 Quadrangular Space borders
Superiorly: Inferior Border of the Teres Minor
Inferiorly: Superior Border of teres Minor
Medially: Long head of triceps
Laterally: Surgical neck of the humerous
What three items can be accessed through the quadrangular space?
- Axillary Nerve
- Posterior Circumflex Humeral artery
- Posterior circumflex humeral vein’
What muscles sit in the Anterior Compartment?
Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis
What muscles sit in the Posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps Brachii, Anconeus
What nerve intervate the anterior compartment of the arm?
Musculocutaneous Nerve
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?
Radial Nerve
What are the arteries of the upper limb and their branches?
Brachial Artery,
Branches to Profunda Brachii, and Ulnar Collaterals
What are the main superficial and deep veins of the upper limb?
Superficial: Cephalic and Basilic connected through medial cubital vein
Deep: Brachial Veins
What is radial nerve dysfunction?
Form of peripheral neuropathy occuring when there is damage to the radial nerve resulting in a problem with movement or sensation of the back of the arm, forearm, or hand.
What is sublixation of the radial head?
Incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ, radial head sublixation occurs in 2-3 yrs of age
What structure is affected by Golfers and Tennis Elbow?
Golfers: Medial Epicondyle
Tennis: Lateral Epicondylitis
Describe the characteristics of the interosseous membrane?
Thin, strong fibrous membrane, that joins the radius and ulna of the forearm/ attachement site for some deep forearm muscles
What muscles are part of the superficial anterior (Flexor) compartment?
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum superficialis
What muscles are part of the Deep Anterior (Flexor) compartment of the forearm?
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Explain Trigger Finger
Disorder characterized by snapping, locking causing pain and dysfunction
Cause; Disparity in size between flexor and retinacular pully system
What muscle sit in the superior posterior (extensor) compartment?
Lateral to medial:
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
- Extensor Digitorum
- Extensor Digiti minimi
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
What are the muscles of the deep posterior (extensor) compartment?
- Abductor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Extensor Indicis
What are the muscle pronators?
- Pronator teres
- Pronator Quadratus
- Brachioradialis
What are the supinator muscles?
- Supinator muscle
- Biceps Brachii
- Brachioradialis
What are the arteries of the forearm?
Brachial artery ends in the inferior part pf the cubital fossa where it divides into the ulnar artery/radial artery
What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?
Results from any lesion that significantly reduces the size of the carpal tunnel
- Fluid retention
- Infection
- Excessive Exercise of the fingers
What is the most sensitive nerve of the carpal tunnel structure?
Median Nerve
What is Tinel’s Sign?
- A way to detect irrated nerves
- Done through percussion to elicit a sensation of paraesthesia
What are the 5 intrisic muslces of the hand?
Thenar, Hypothenar, Adductor, Lumbrical, Interosseus
What are the three muscles of the Thenar Compartment?What do they do?
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Opponens Pollicis
Move the thumb
What are the muscles of the Hypothenar Compartment? What does it move?
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
Little Finger
What muscles sit in the interosseous area?
Four Dorsal Interosseous muscles
Three Palmar interosseous muscles
What muscles form the anatomical snuff box?
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Extensor Pollicis Longus
