Test I (SECTION V) Physiology of Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
Cardiovascular Disease
all disease of the heart and blood vessels
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
ischemic heart disease: atherosclerotic heart disease
Non-Ischemic Heart disease
valve diseases, congenital, & rheumatic diseases
cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure
Other Cardiovascular diseases
hypertension
stroke
peripheral vascular disease
deep vein thrombosis
Coronary artery disease
narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries
Myocardial Infarction
death and subsequent necrosis (scarring) of myocardium
Myocardial infarction cause
lodging of a clot (thrombus) in a coronary artery which has been narrowed by atherosclerosis
thrombus caused by
plaque rupture or erosion
Initial Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease
actual death of MI
arrhythmias
pulmonary edema
survivable MI
angina pectoris
otherSymptoms of an MI
80% experience chest pain, lasts more than a few minutes without relief
shortness of breath, lightheadedness, anxiety, chest palpitations, gray color (pallor), nausea, weak fast pulse
silent infarction
a mild MI may not have prominent symptoms; occurs more often in diabetics
women’s common symptoms
unusual fatigue and weakness
sleep disturbances
(Atherosclerosis) injury to coronary artery endothelium caused by
flow turbulence, CO toxicity (smoking), inflammation, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia
(Atherosclerosis) Endothelial Dysfunction
collagen and smooth muscle exposed to blood
platelets adhere to injury and release growth factors & inflammatory mediators
Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL-C to foam cells
Foam Cells
Stem cells; dead macrophages
(Atherosclerosis) Accumulation & Proliferation of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue
increase proliferation of smooth muscle and amount of fibrous connective tissue
(Atherosclerosis) lipid accumulation & mature plaque formation
Macrophages continue to ingest lipids dead macrophages (foam cells) compose necrotic core cholesterol crystals from foam cells + salt cause hardening of artery
Unstable plaque
plaque with thin calcification cover, increases chance of MI
Determining Severity of CAD
Size of the plaque
number of plaques in the coronary tree
location of the plaque
plaque calcification status
Summary of inflammation and MI
SLIDE
Risk Factors
High blood sugar 1.0 high triglycerides 1.1 waist circumference 1.1 diabetes 1.6 low HDL 1.7 hypertension 1.9
inflammation markers (risk factors for CAD)
c-reactive protein levels
lipoprotein phospholipase A2
Metabolic Syndrome is when someone has at least 3 of the following
disproportionate amounts of abdominal fat hypertension insulin resistance prothrombic state pro-inflammatory state dyslipidemia (NUMBERS ON SLIDE)
Atherogenic state is when a person has:
fasting glucose (hyperinsulinemia or 2 hour post-prandial glucose) and two of the following: obesity hypertension hdyslipidemia
Signs and symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease
pain the the chest, neck, jaw or arms shortness of breath at rest orthopnea or paroxsysmal nocturnal dyspnea dizziness or syncope ankle edema chest palpitations known heart murmur claudication
Heart failure
inadequate Q and consequent pressure fall
pressure fall may cause:
fluid accumulation in lungs
shortness of breath
rales
fluid accumulation in extremeties
heart failure is caused by a decrease in force of left ventricular contraction due to:
chronic LV overload
cardiomyophaties
heart attack
