Test I (SECTION V) Physiology of Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Cardiovascular Disease

Answer 1

all disease of the heart and blood vessels

Question 2

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Answer 2

ischemic heart disease: atherosclerotic heart disease

Question 3

Non-Ischemic Heart disease

Answer 3

valve diseases, congenital, & rheumatic diseases

cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure

Question 4

Other Cardiovascular diseases

Answer 4

hypertension
stroke
peripheral vascular disease
deep vein thrombosis

Question 5

Coronary artery disease

Answer 5

narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries

Question 6

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 6

death and subsequent necrosis (scarring) of myocardium

Question 7

Myocardial infarction cause

Answer 7

lodging of a clot (thrombus) in a coronary artery which has been narrowed by atherosclerosis

Question 8

thrombus caused by

Answer 8

plaque rupture or erosion

Question 9

Initial Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease

Answer 9

actual death of MI 
      arrhythmias
      pulmonary edema
survivable MI
angina pectoris
other

Question 10

Symptoms of an MI

Answer 10

80% experience chest pain, lasts more than a few minutes without relief
shortness of breath, lightheadedness, anxiety, chest palpitations, gray color (pallor), nausea, weak fast pulse

Question 11

silent infarction

Answer 11

a mild MI may not have prominent symptoms; occurs more often in diabetics

Question 12

women’s common symptoms

Answer 12

unusual fatigue and weakness

sleep disturbances

Question 13

(Atherosclerosis) injury to coronary artery endothelium caused by

Answer 13

flow turbulence, CO toxicity (smoking), inflammation, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia

Question 14

(Atherosclerosis) Endothelial Dysfunction

Answer 14

collagen and smooth muscle exposed to blood
platelets adhere to injury and release growth factors & inflammatory mediators
Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL-C to foam cells

Question 15

Foam Cells

Answer 15

Stem cells; dead macrophages

Question 16

(Atherosclerosis) Accumulation & Proliferation of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue

Answer 16

increase proliferation of smooth muscle and amount of fibrous connective tissue

Question 17

(Atherosclerosis) lipid accumulation & mature plaque formation

Answer 17

Macrophages continue to ingest lipids
dead macrophages (foam cells) compose necrotic core
cholesterol crystals from foam cells + salt cause hardening of artery

Question 18

Unstable plaque

Answer 18

plaque with thin calcification cover, increases chance of MI

Question 19

Determining Severity of CAD

Answer 19

Size of the plaque
number of plaques in the coronary tree
location of the plaque
plaque calcification status

Question 20

Summary of inflammation and MI

Answer 20

SLIDE

Question 21

Risk Factors

Answer 21

High blood sugar 1.0
high triglycerides 1.1
waist circumference 1.1
diabetes 1.6
low HDL 1.7
hypertension 1.9

Question 22

inflammation markers (risk factors for CAD)

Answer 22

c-reactive protein levels

lipoprotein phospholipase A2

Question 23

Metabolic Syndrome is when someone has at least 3 of the following

Answer 23

disproportionate amounts of abdominal fat
hypertension
insulin resistance
prothrombic state
pro-inflammatory state
dyslipidemia  
(NUMBERS ON SLIDE)

Question 24

Atherogenic state is when a person has:

Answer 24

fasting glucose (hyperinsulinemia or 2 hour post-prandial glucose)
and two of the following:
obesity
hypertension
hdyslipidemia

Question 25

Signs and symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease

Answer 25

pain the the chest, neck, jaw or arms
shortness of breath at rest
orthopnea or paroxsysmal nocturnal dyspnea 
dizziness or syncope
ankle edema
chest palpitations 
known heart murmur 
claudication

Question 26

Heart failure

Answer 26

inadequate Q and consequent pressure fall

Question 27

pressure fall may cause:

Answer 27

fluid accumulation in lungs
shortness of breath
rales
fluid accumulation in extremeties

Question 28

heart failure is caused by a decrease in force of left ventricular contraction due to:

Answer 28

chronic LV overload
cardiomyophaties
heart attack