Test I (SECTION I) Definitions, Concepts, Hemodynamics

Question 1

Pulmonary veins carry ______

Answer 1

oxygenated blood

Question 2

circumflex artery goes to

Answer 2

Left main CA, right main CA, Left anterior descending CA (which leads to marginal branch)

Question 3

Diastole is

Answer 3

end of ventricular filling

Question 4

EDV is proportional to

Answer 4

Venous return

Question 5

SV =

Answer 5

EDV - ESV

Question 6

Ejection Fraction (EF) =

Answer 6

SV/EDV

Question 7

EF is best indicator for

Answer 7

heart performance and heart disease prognosis

Question 8

Left ventricular norm for EF at rest is

Answer 8

62%

Question 9

Left ventricular norms for max exercise is

Answer 9

80%

Question 10

Left ventricular volumes _____ with increase in exercise intensity

Answer 10

Increase, but level off quickly

Question 11

Cardiac output (Q) =

Answer 11

HR x SV

Question 12

For cardiac output blood leaves ________

Answer 12

the left ventricle

Question 13

Cardiac Index =

Answer 13

Q/ body surface area

Question 14

Preload is:

Answer 14

(EDV) volume of the left ventricle at the end of diastole

Question 15

Preload depends on

Answer 15

venous return & compliance of ventricle

Question 16

Afterload is

Answer 16

resistance to ventricular emptying during systole or the amount of pressure the left ventricle must generate to squeeze blood into the aorta

Question 17

After load is synonymous in a healthy heart with

Answer 17

aortic pressure & mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Question 18

Frank Starling law of the heart is

Answer 18

the heart will contract with greater force as preload is increased

Question 19

Myocardial Contractility

Answer 19

the squeezing contractile force that the heart can develop at a given preload (determines SV)

Question 20

Myocardial contractility is regulated by:

Answer 20

Sympathetic nerve activity (MOST)
Catecholamines (Epinephrine/norepinephrine)
amount of contractile mass
Drugs

Question 21

Starlings law Graph: x & y axis and how curves are

Answer 21

SV (Y Axis)
Preload (X Axis)
More SV = more contractility

Question 22

Increased Contractility is related to:

Answer 22

exercise
catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
excitement or fear (fight or flight)
Drugs (Digitalis & sympathomimetics)

Question 23

Decreased Contractility is related to:

Answer 23

loss of contractile mass (likely due to Heart Attack)
Myocardial muscle disease (Cardiomyopathy)
Drugs )anesthetics, barbiturates)

Question 24

What is Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 24

Malfunctioning and/or malformed heart

Question 25

How does exercise effect myocardial contractility?

Answer 25

Increases it by increasing beta sympathetic adrenergic nerve output

Question 26

AVO2D means

Answer 26

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

Question 27

AVO2D definition

Answer 27

difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood (ml O2/100ml blood)

Question 28

VO2 means

Answer 28

Oxygen Consumption

Question 29

VO2 Definition

Answer 29

the rate at which oxygen can be used in energy production and metabolism

Question 30

Types of VO2

Answer 30

Absolute: O2/min relative: O2/kg body weight / min.

Question 31

what is the Fick equatoin

Answer 31

VO2 = Q x AVO2D

Question 32

VO2max definition

Answer 32

maximum rate at which a person can take in and utilize oxygen to create usable energy (estimated with VO2 peak)

Question 33

Myocardial Oxygen Consumption

Answer 33

VO2 of the heart | estimated by rate pressure product (RPP)

Question 34

RPP =

Answer 34

HR x SBP

Question 35

Systolic Blood Pressure

Answer 35

pressure measured in brachial artery during systole

Question 36

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Answer 36

pressure measured in brachial artery during diastole

Question 37

Systole

Answer 37

ventricular emptying and ventricular contraction period

Question 38

Diastole

Answer 38

ventricular filling and ventricular relaxation

Question 39

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Answer 39

"average" pressure throughout the cardiac cycle against the walls of the proximal systemic arteries

Question 40

MAP =

Answer 40

.33(SBP - DBP) + DBP

Question 41

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Answer 41

the sum of all forces that oppose blood flow

Question 42

TPR =

Answer 42

(8)(V)(L) / (pi)( r^4) V: blood viscosity L: length of vasculature r: vessel radius

Question 43

Ohm's Law

Answer 43

flow of the blood | Flow = (upstream P - downstream P) / resistance

Question 44

Flow (Q) =

Answer 44

MAP / TPR = (P aorta - P vena cava) / TPR (P aorta - P vena cava) is almost 0 in a health person

Question 45

Resting Q is normall about __ liters/minute

Answer 45

5-6

Question 46

Minute Ventilation (Ve)

Answer 46

amount of air passing through the lungs in one minute

Question 47

Dyspnea

Answer 47

breathing difficulty

Question 48

Respiratory Exchange Ratio

Answer 48

amount of CO2 expired by the lungs divided by the amount of O2 extracted from the air in the lungs VCO2/VO2

Question 49

RER =.7, RER =.85 RER = 1.0

Answer 49

100% fat 0% carb 50$% fat 50% carb 0% fat 100% carb

Question 50

Gas Exchanges happens in

Answer 50

capillary beds and lungs

Question 51

systemic arteries have a ____ compliance, veins have a ____ compliance

Answer 51

low, high

Question 52

After heart attack left ventricular pressure lessons which causes

Answer 52

pressure behind it to increase, causing fluid to seep out of the lungs

Question 53

afferent

Answer 53

going toward spinal column

Question 54

efferent

Answer 54

going away from spinal column

Question 55

Agonist

Answer 55

body molecule or drug "stimulator"

Question 56

Agonist in adrenergic system

Answer 56

epinephrine & norepinephrine

Question 57

Antagonist

Answer 57

body molecule or drug "in-activator"

Question 58

Antagonist examples

Answer 58

drugs known as blockers

Question 59

alpha 1 stimulation

Answer 59

constriction of blood vessels | vascular smooth muscle activation

Question 60

Alpha 2 stimulation

Answer 60

increased central sympathetic outflow

Question 61

beta 1 stimulation

Answer 61

increase in HR increase in myocardial contractility increase in renin secretion increase in fluid retention

Question 62

beta 2 stimulation

Answer 62

dilation of lung bronchioles

Question 63

anastomosis is also known as a

Answer 63

shunt. Connects two previously separated vessels