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DSM Abd > Test Chapters 22&23 > Flashcards

Test Chapters 22&23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diameter of a varicocele?

A

More than 2mm

pg. 619

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2
Q

What is the fibrous capsule called that surrounds the testicle?

A

Tunica albuginea

pg. 606

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3
Q

What is the length, the width, and height of a testicle?

A

3-5 cm in length
2-4 cm width
approximately 3 cm in height

pg. 604

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4
Q

Normal echo characteristics of the testicle

A

Smooth, medium gray with fine echo textures

Pg. 604

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5
Q

What is the mediastinum testis?

A

Posterior aspect of the tunica albuginea reflects into the teste to form the mediastinum, a vertical septum. It supports the vessels and ducts in the testis. It appears as a bright, hyperechoic line coursing craniocaudad within the testis.
Pg. 606

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6
Q

Where is the epididymis located in reference to the testicle?

A

Beginning superiorly and coursing posteriolateral to the testis. The head is superior to the upper pole of the testis. The tail is posterior to the lower pole of the testis.
Pg. 604n

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7
Q

Know all about undescended testes

A

Also cryptochidism. A condition where the testis as not descended into the scrotum and cannot be brought into the scrotum with external manipulation. Most often located in the inguinal cavity but may also be located in the abdominal canal or other locations as well.
Pg. 628
Undescended testis are 10x more likely to torse.
Pg. 616

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adolescents?

A

Torsion

Pg. 616

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9
Q

Know about hydroceles and reasons why they would occur

A

Contains serous fluid and is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling. May have an unknown cause (idiopthic), but are commonly associated with epididymo-orchitis and torsion, may also be found in patients following trauma or development of a neoplasm. Hydroceles associated with neoplasms tend to be smaller than those associated with other causes

pg. 621

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10
Q

Know all about varicoceles

A

Abnormal dilation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord. More common in infertile men.
Primary: Caused by incompetent venous valves in the spermatic vein, typically on the left side.
Secondary: Caused by pressure on the spermatic vein due to renal hydronephrosis, abdominal mass or liver cirrhosis.
Pg. 618

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11
Q

Know about spermatoceles, specifically where they are located

A

Cystic dilations of the efferent ductules of the epididymis. They are always located in the epididymal head. They contain proteinaceous fluid and spermatozoa. May be seen more often following vasectomy

pg. 618

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults?

A

Epididymo-Orchitis

Pg. 615

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13
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Infection of the epididymis and testis. The result of the spread of a lower urinary tract infection via the spermatic cord.
Pg. 615—-this describes epididymo-orchitis

Orchitis is enlarged hypoechoic testis

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14
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

Enlarged, hypoechoic gland. May contain focal hyperechoic areas if secondary to hemorrhage. Sonographically will show increased flow.
Pg. 615

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15
Q

What is tubular ectasia of the rete testis associated with?

A

Spermatocele, epididymal or testicular cysts or other epididymal obstruction
Pg. 624

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16
Q

What does seminoma look like under ultrasound?

A

A seminoma is the most common germ cell tumor. It appears as a homogenous or hypoechoic lesion with smooth, well defined borders.
Pg. 626

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17
Q

What is the common reason for the occurrence of epididymo-orchitis?

A

Results from the spread of a lower urinary tract infection via the spermatic cord
pg. 615

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18
Q

Who do sperm granulomas happen to most and why do they happen?

A

Most frequently seen in patients with a history of vasectomy. Occur as a chronic inflammatory reaction to extravasation of spermatozoa
pg. 621

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19
Q

What is the primary source of blood flow to the testicle?

A

The right and left testicular arteries

pg. 606

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20
Q

Intratesticular cysts have an association with what? (in men over 40)

A

Extratesticular Spermatoceles

Pg. 624

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21
Q

Microlithiasis of the testes is associated with what? How often should be patient be followed up?

A

Associated with: Testicular malignancy, cryptorchidism, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Infertility, Vericoceles, Testicular Atrophy, and Male pseudohermaphroditism.

Patient should be followed up with annually.

Pg. 625

22
Q

Where is the appendix testis located?

A

A small protuberance from the head of the epididymis
pg. 605 — this is the appendix of the epididymis

Upper pole of testis, between testis and epididymis
pg. 605

23
Q

Layers of tissue in the testes and between what layers does a hydrocele develop?

A

The tunica vaginalis lines the inner walls of the scrotum. It has 2 layers. The parietal layer is the inner lining of the scrotal wall. The visceral layer surrounds the testis and epididymis.

Hydroceles develop in the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis
Pg. 620

24
Q

What is the rete testis? (location)

A

Located at the hilum of the testis where the mediastinum resides.
Pg. 623

25
Q

What is the difference in echo characteristics between the epididymis and testicle?

A

The epididymis appears isoechoic or hyperechoic compared with the testis, although the echo texture is coarser.
Pg. 605

26
Q

What does the thyroid gland regulate? (metabolic function)

A

Metabolism, growth and development

Pg. 588

27
Q

How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?

A

2

Pg. 589

28
Q

What are the dimensions of the thyroid gland?

A 
Adults: 
L: 40-60 mm W: 15-20 mm AP: 20-30 mm
Isthmus:
AP: 4-6 mm
Children:
L: 20-30 mm W: 10-15 mm AP: 12-15
Pg. 589
29
Q

What are the lobes of the thyroid gland connected by?

A

Isthmus

Pg. 589

30
Q

Know all the muscles that surround the thyroid gland

A

Anterior:
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid, Sternohyoid (Appear thin, hypoechoic)
Sternocleidomastoid (Large, Oval, located anterior and lateral)

Posterior:
Longus colli (Hypoechoic, Triangular, located posterior and lateral)
Pg. 589

31
Q

What is the sonographic description of thyroid tissue?

A

Fine, homogenous echotexture. Slightly more echogenic than surrounding muscles.
Pg. 592

32
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe, and where is it located?

A

The pyramidal lobe arises from the isthmus and tapers superiorly just anterior to the thyroid cartilage. It may be seen in the pediatric population but usually atrophies in the adults. It is found in 15-30% of patients.
Pg. 589

33
Q

What vascular structures are used as landmarks to find the thyroid gland?

A

Common Carotid Artery, Trachea and Jugular Vein
Pg. 592
Other surrounding anatomy includes Vagus Nerve, Larynx, Inferior Pharynx, Esophagus, Parathyroid glands and anastomosis.
Pg. 589

34
Q

What characteristic is found in 20% of solitary thyroid nodules?

A

Cystic

35
Q

What is the most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide?

A

Iodine Deficiency

Pg. 593

36
Q

Disorders associated with hypERthyroidism

A

Common (99% of cases):
Diffuse toxic hyperplasia (Graves Disease), Toxic multi nodular goiter and toxic adenoma.
Uncommon:
Acute or subacute thyroiditis, hyper functioning thyroid cancer, choriocarcinoma or hydatidiform mole, TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma and neonatal thyrotoxicosis associated with maternal Graves disease.
Pg. 590 —-these are for HYPERthyroidism

37
Q

What are the sonographic features of a thyroid adenoma?

A

Broad spectrum ranging from anechoic to hyperechoic. Typically have a peripheral halo or thin echo lucent rim surrounding the lesion that may present edema of the compressed normal thyroid or the capsule of the adenoma. Blood may surround the lesion as well.
If an adenoma contains anechoic areas it is a result of cystic degeneration and they usually lack well rounded margins.
Calcifications may appear along the rim along with acoustic shadowing.
Pg. 596

38
Q

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that affects what structures?

A

Parathyroid glands produce Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) which acts on bone, kidney, and intestines to enhance calcium absorption.
Pg. 600

39
Q

Where are parathyroid glands located, how big are they and how many are there?

A

Located on posterior medial surface of thyroid gland

Typically there are 4 parathyroid glands but there may be 3 or 5.

2 are located posterior to each superior pole, 2 are located posterior to each inferior pole. They have been found in ectopic places like the neck and mediastinum.

They each measure 5mm x 3mm x 1mm.

Pg. 600

40
Q

Solitary thyroid nodule with lymphadenopathy on the same side might indicate what?

A

Malignancy

Pg. 596

41
Q

What is the most common cause for primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenoma

Pg. 601

42
Q

What is a thyroglossal ductal cyst?

A

Congenital anomalies that appear in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea. They are oval or spherical and rarely larger than 2-3 cm.

A remnant of the tubular development of the thyroid gland may persist between the base of the tongue and the hyoid bone. This narrow, hollow tract, which connects the thyroid lobes to the floor of the pharynx, normally atrophies in the adult. Failure to atrophy creates the potential for cystic masses to form.
Pg. 602

43
Q

What is primary hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands?

A

The hyper function of all the parathyroid glands for no known reason. 1 or all glands may be enlarged. Typically includes all glands but may include just 2 or 3. They rarely exceed 1 cm. Increased size makes it difficult to separate lesions.
Pg. 601

44
Q

Thyroid Inferno

A

Increased vascularity on color doppler

Pg. 600

45
Q

What is the most common cause of thyroid malignancy?

A

Causes: Age, Family History and Radiation Exposer. per google

Most common thyroid malignancy is Papillary Carcinoma
pg 596

46
Q

What is the appearance of an abnormal lymph node?

A

The more rounded, the increased risk of malignancy.
Low level echogenicity of well circumscribed masses. They may also appear echo free. Inflammatory processes may also exhibit a cystic nature.
Pg. 603

47
Q

The cystic formation lateral to the thyroid gland is called what?

A

Branchial Cleft Cysts

Pg. 602

48
Q

normal prostate measurements

A

2x4x3

49
Q

what is BPH?

A

Benign prostate hypertrophy

50
Q

what lab test is done … and if it’s elevated, what does that usually mean?

A

PSA (blood test)

An Increased # of prostate cells that increased over 50% from normal amount can result in cancer.

51
Q

malignant cells usually lie in what lobe?

A

periphery

DSM Abd (9 decks)

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