Test Ch 3

Question 1

Humes Insistence that Every believe be justified, either as a relation between ideas, or as a matter of fact

Answer 1

Humes fork

Question 2

An attempt to defend a position or an act to show that is correct or at least reasonable

Answer 2

Justification

Question 3

Humes word for sensations or sense data that which is given to the mind through the senses

Answer 3

Impressions

Question 4

In empiricism knowledge that is restricted to the logical and conceptual connections between ideas, not to the correspondence up and ideas to experience or to reality search knowledge can therefore be demonstrated without appeal to
Experience. Arithmetic and geometry were taken to be paradigmatic example of this

Answer 4

Relations of ideas

Question 5

The relation of cause-and-effect, one event bringing about another word natural law.

Answer 5

Causation

Question 6

Every event has its cause or causes.

Answer 6

Principle of universal causation

Question 7

The belief that the laws of nature will continue to hold in the future as they have in the past (crudely , “the future will be like the past“

Answer 7

Principle of induction

Question 8

An empirical claim to be confirmed or falsified through experience

Answer 8

Matter of fact

Question 9

An account usually a causal of something it is supposed to justification, which also defends.

Answer 9

Explanation

Question 10

Philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason and intuition, in particular to know reality independently of experience.

Answer 10

Rationalism

Question 11

Before experience” or, more accurately, independent of all experience.

Answer 11

A priori

Question 12

In accordance with the rules of effective thought. Coherence, consistency, practicability, simplicity, comprehensiveness, looking at the evidence and weighing it carefully, not jumping to conclusions, and so forth.

Answer 12

Rational

Question 13

I’m traditional rationalism, a belief that can be justified solely by appeal to intuition or deduction from premises based upon intuition.

Answer 13

Truth of reason

Question 14

A unit of existence a being something that stands by itself, the essential realty of a thing or things that underlies the various properties and changes of properties.

Answer 14

Substance

Question 15

That which brings something about

Answer 15

Cause

Question 16

The ability to think abstract, to form arguments and make inferences. Sometimes referred to as a faculty of the human.

Answer 16

Reason

Question 17

In accordance with the rules of effective thought. Coherence, consistency, practicability, simplicity, comprehensiveness, looking at the evidence and weighing it carefully, not jumping to conclusions

Answer 17

Rationalists and their position is called rationalism

Question 18

The philosophy that demands that all knowledge, except for certain logical truths and principles of mathematics comes from experience.

Answer 18

Empiricism

Question 19

Latin, literally. “ what is given”

Answer 19

Datum

Question 20

That which is given to the senses, prior to any reasoning or organization on our part

Answer 20

Sense-data

Question 21

In traditional rationalism, a belief that can be justified solely by appeal to intuition or deduction from premises based upon intuition.

Answer 21

Truth of reason

Question 22

A kind of knowledge, sense experience

Answer 22

Perception

Question 23

Immediate knowledge of the truth without the aid of any reasoning and without appeal to experience.

Answer 23

Intuition

Question 24

A generally accepted principle according to which on may infer one statement from another, those rules of logic according to which validity is defined.

Answer 24

Rules of inference

Question 25

A philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments.

Answer 25

Skepticism

Question 26

Inference from observation, experience l, and experiment to a generalization about all members of a certain class

Answer 26

Generalizations from experience

Question 27

The process of inferring general conclusion from a sufficiently large sample of particular observations

Answer 27

Induction or inductive generalization

Question 28

Likely or supported by the evidence (but not conclusively). The empiricists middle step between the extremtities of certainty and doubt

Answer 28

Probability

Question 29

Literally ideas that are born into the mind, knowledge that is programmed into us from birth and need not be learned

Answer 29

Innate ideas

Question 30

In locked philosophy, the blank tablet metaphor of the mind in opposition to the doctrine that there are innate ideas. Im other words, the mind is a blank at birth and everything we know must be stamped in through experience

Answer 30

Tabula rasa

Question 31

A is necessary and sufficient for B when A is both logically required and enough to guarantee B (A if and only if B)

Answer 31

Necessary and sufficient conditions

Question 32

A contemporary European philosophy founded by German-Czech philosopher Edmund Husserl that begins with a pure description of consciousness

Answer 32

Phenomenology

Question 33

To put together “set up” or synthesize experience through categories or concepts. First used by Kant, later by husserl

Answer 33

Constitute

Question 34

Kants Word (borrowed from Aristotle) for those most basic and a priori concepts of human knowledge, for example, causality and substance

Answer 34

Categories

Question 35

In accordance with a necessary truth

Answer 35

Necessity

Question 36

Knowledge that is necessary and known independently of experience (and thus a priori) but that does not derive its truth from the logic or meaning of sentences . This is the focal concept of Kants philosophy

Answer 36

Synthetic a priori knowledge

Question 37

Demonstrably true (and necessarily true) by virtue of the logical form or the meanings of the component words. The concept was introduced by Kant, who defined it in terms of a sentence (he called it a judgment) in which the predicate was contained in the subject and added nothing to it.

Answer 37

Analytic

Question 38

The process of inferring general conclusions from a sufficiently large sample of particular observations

Answer 38

Induction

Question 39

Dependent of the facts; neither logically necessary nor logically impossible.

Answer 39

Contingently

Question 40

Kants elaborated attempt to prove that there is but one set of categories that all rational creatures must use in constituting their experience

Answer 40

Transcendental deduction

Question 41

Referring to the basic rules of human knowledge, usually with an absolutist suggestion that there can be but a single set of such basic rules

Answer 41

Transcendental

Question 42

The thesis that there is but one correct view of reality l. Opposed to relativism

Answer 42

Absolutists and their view is called absolutism

Question 43

The thesis that there is no single correct view of reality, no single truth.

Answer 43

Relativists

Question 44

The thesis that there is no single correct view of reality, no single truth

Answer 44

Relativism

Question 45

A philosophy that localizes truth and different views of reality to particular times, places, and peoples in history. It is gerneally linked to a very strong relativist thesis as well

Answer 45

Historicism

Question 46

“I think there for I am” Descartes only principle that he finds beyond doubt

Answer 46

Cogito ergo sun

Question 47

A kind of knowledge, sense experience

Answer 47

Perception

Question 48

The movement in twentieth century philosophy, particular in the United States and Britain that focuses its primary attention on language and linguistic analysis

Answer 48

Analytic philosophy

Question 49

In Locke (and other authors) a property

Answer 49

Quality

Question 50

In epistemology, almost any mental phenomenon (not typically, as in Plato, with existence independent of individual minds) the terminology varies slightly. Lock used the term to refer to virtually and “mental content” Hume reverse this term for those mental atoms that are derived by the mind from impressions. In Plato, a form

Answer 50

Ideas

Question 51

The experimental result of the stimulation of a sense organ. For example, seeing, hearing, smelling. Etc. the simplest mental phenomena

Answer 51

Sensation

Question 52

In Locke (and other authors) a propert y

Answer 52

Quality

Question 53

I’m Locke, those properties l (“qualities”) that inhere in the object

Answer 53

Primary qualities

Question 54

In Locke, those properties (“qualities”) that are caused in us by objects but do not inhere in the objects themselves (for example, color)

Answer 54

Secondary qualities

Question 55

The view that our experiences (our sensations and ideas) are the effects of physical objects acting upon our sense organs

Answer 55

Causal theory of perception

Question 56

The view that only ideas and kind exist and that there are no substances matter or material objects. In particular the philosophy of bishop Berkeley

Answer 56

Subjective idealism

Question 57

“After experience” or empirical

Answer 57

A posteriori

Question 58

“Before experience” or more accurately independent of all experience

Answer 58

A priori

Question 59

In Locke philosophy, the “blank tablet” metaphor of the mind, in opposition to the doctrine that there are innate ideas. In other words the kind is a blank at birth and everything f we know must be stamped in through experiences

Answer 59

Tabula rasa

Question 60

The thesis that there is but one correct view of reality as opposed to relativism

Answer 60

Absolutism

Question 61

Someone who believes there is but one correct view of reality as opposed to a relativist

Answer 61

Absolutist

Question 62

Truth and reference are always to be determined by references to practical considerations . A distinctly American philosophy movement

Answer 62

Pragmatism

Question 63

A statement or a belief is true if and only if it “ coheres” with a system of statements or beleifs

Answer 63

Coherence theory of truth

Question 64

A statement that is true and the we can see to be true by virtue of the meanings of the words

Answer 64

Conceptual truth

Question 65

To put together “set up” or synthesize experience through categories or concepts

Answer 65

Constitute

Question 66

A statement or belief is true if and only unfit corresponds with the facts

Answer 66

Correspondence theory of truth

Question 67

The study of human knowledge

Answer 67

Epistemology

Question 68

The discipline of interpretation of texts broadly conceived (as by Heidegger, gadamer) it is the “uncovering” of meanings in every day life, the attempt to understand the signs and symbols of one’s culture and tradition in juxtaposition with other cultures and traditions

Answer 68

Hermeneutics

Question 69

A formal theory, best known from the world of Alfred Tarski, that defines true in terms of a technical notion of satisfaction. According to the theory l, every sentence in the language is either satisfied or not by a distinct class of individuals. We can say the theory suggest that we as a group set up the rules according to which our sentences do or do not correspond with the facts of the world

Answer 69

Semantic theory of truth