Test Ch 3 Flashcards
Humes Insistence that Every believe be justified, either as a relation between ideas, or as a matter of fact
Humes fork
An attempt to defend a position or an act to show that is correct or at least reasonable
Justification
Humes word for sensations or sense data that which is given to the mind through the senses
Impressions
In empiricism knowledge that is restricted to the logical and conceptual connections between ideas, not to the correspondence up and ideas to experience or to reality search knowledge can therefore be demonstrated without appeal to
Experience. Arithmetic and geometry were taken to be paradigmatic example of this
Relations of ideas
The relation of cause-and-effect, one event bringing about another word natural law.
Causation
Every event has its cause or causes.
Principle of universal causation
The belief that the laws of nature will continue to hold in the future as they have in the past (crudely , “the future will be like the past“
Principle of induction
An empirical claim to be confirmed or falsified through experience
Matter of fact
An account usually a causal of something it is supposed to justification, which also defends.
Explanation
Philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason and intuition, in particular to know reality independently of experience.
Rationalism
Before experience” or, more accurately, independent of all experience.
A priori
In accordance with the rules of effective thought. Coherence, consistency, practicability, simplicity, comprehensiveness, looking at the evidence and weighing it carefully, not jumping to conclusions, and so forth.
Rational
I’m traditional rationalism, a belief that can be justified solely by appeal to intuition or deduction from premises based upon intuition.
Truth of reason
A unit of existence a being something that stands by itself, the essential realty of a thing or things that underlies the various properties and changes of properties.
Substance
That which brings something about
Cause
The ability to think abstract, to form arguments and make inferences. Sometimes referred to as a faculty of the human.
Reason
In accordance with the rules of effective thought. Coherence, consistency, practicability, simplicity, comprehensiveness, looking at the evidence and weighing it carefully, not jumping to conclusions
Rationalists and their position is called rationalism
The philosophy that demands that all knowledge, except for certain logical truths and principles of mathematics comes from experience.
Empiricism
Latin, literally. “ what is given”
Datum
That which is given to the senses, prior to any reasoning or organization on our part
Sense-data
In traditional rationalism, a belief that can be justified solely by appeal to intuition or deduction from premises based upon intuition.
Truth of reason
A kind of knowledge, sense experience
Perception
Immediate knowledge of the truth without the aid of any reasoning and without appeal to experience.
Intuition
A generally accepted principle according to which on may infer one statement from another, those rules of logic according to which validity is defined.
Rules of inference
A philosophical belief that knowledge is not possible, that doubt will not be overcome by any valid arguments.
Skepticism
Inference from observation, experience l, and experiment to a generalization about all members of a certain class
Generalizations from experience
The process of inferring general conclusion from a sufficiently large sample of particular observations
Induction or inductive generalization
Likely or supported by the evidence (but not conclusively). The empiricists middle step between the extremtities of certainty and doubt
Probability
Literally ideas that are born into the mind, knowledge that is programmed into us from birth and need not be learned
Innate ideas
In locked philosophy, the blank tablet metaphor of the mind in opposition to the doctrine that there are innate ideas. Im other words, the mind is a blank at birth and everything we know must be stamped in through experience
Tabula rasa
A is necessary and sufficient for B when A is both logically required and enough to guarantee B (A if and only if B)
Necessary and sufficient conditions
A contemporary European philosophy founded by German-Czech philosopher Edmund Husserl that begins with a pure description of consciousness
Phenomenology
To put together “set up” or synthesize experience through categories or concepts. First used by Kant, later by husserl
Constitute
Kants Word (borrowed from Aristotle) for those most basic and a priori concepts of human knowledge, for example, causality and substance
Categories
In accordance with a necessary truth
Necessity
Knowledge that is necessary and known independently of experience (and thus a priori) but that does not derive its truth from the logic or meaning of sentences . This is the focal concept of Kants philosophy
Synthetic a priori knowledge
Demonstrably true (and necessarily true) by virtue of the logical form or the meanings of the component words. The concept was introduced by Kant, who defined it in terms of a sentence (he called it a judgment) in which the predicate was contained in the subject and added nothing to it.
Analytic
The process of inferring general conclusions from a sufficiently large sample of particular observations
Induction
Dependent of the facts; neither logically necessary nor logically impossible.
Contingently
Kants elaborated attempt to prove that there is but one set of categories that all rational creatures must use in constituting their experience
Transcendental deduction
Referring to the basic rules of human knowledge, usually with an absolutist suggestion that there can be but a single set of such basic rules
Transcendental
The thesis that there is but one correct view of reality l. Opposed to relativism
Absolutists and their view is called absolutism
The thesis that there is no single correct view of reality, no single truth.
Relativists
The thesis that there is no single correct view of reality, no single truth
Relativism
A philosophy that localizes truth and different views of reality to particular times, places, and peoples in history. It is gerneally linked to a very strong relativist thesis as well
Historicism
“I think there for I am” Descartes only principle that he finds beyond doubt
Cogito ergo sun
A kind of knowledge, sense experience
Perception
The movement in twentieth century philosophy, particular in the United States and Britain that focuses its primary attention on language and linguistic analysis
Analytic philosophy
In Locke (and other authors) a property
Quality
In epistemology, almost any mental phenomenon (not typically, as in Plato, with existence independent of individual minds) the terminology varies slightly. Lock used the term to refer to virtually and “mental content” Hume reverse this term for those mental atoms that are derived by the mind from impressions. In Plato, a form
Ideas
The experimental result of the stimulation of a sense organ. For example, seeing, hearing, smelling. Etc. the simplest mental phenomena
Sensation
In Locke (and other authors) a propert y
Quality
I’m Locke, those properties l (“qualities”) that inhere in the object
Primary qualities
In Locke, those properties (“qualities”) that are caused in us by objects but do not inhere in the objects themselves (for example, color)
Secondary qualities
The view that our experiences (our sensations and ideas) are the effects of physical objects acting upon our sense organs
Causal theory of perception
The view that only ideas and kind exist and that there are no substances matter or material objects. In particular the philosophy of bishop Berkeley
Subjective idealism
“After experience” or empirical
A posteriori
“Before experience” or more accurately independent of all experience
A priori
In Locke philosophy, the “blank tablet” metaphor of the mind, in opposition to the doctrine that there are innate ideas. In other words the kind is a blank at birth and everything f we know must be stamped in through experiences
Tabula rasa
The thesis that there is but one correct view of reality as opposed to relativism
Absolutism
Someone who believes there is but one correct view of reality as opposed to a relativist
Absolutist
Truth and reference are always to be determined by references to practical considerations . A distinctly American philosophy movement
Pragmatism
A statement or a belief is true if and only if it “ coheres” with a system of statements or beleifs
Coherence theory of truth
A statement that is true and the we can see to be true by virtue of the meanings of the words
Conceptual truth
To put together “set up” or synthesize experience through categories or concepts
Constitute
A statement or belief is true if and only unfit corresponds with the facts
Correspondence theory of truth
The study of human knowledge
Epistemology
The discipline of interpretation of texts broadly conceived (as by Heidegger, gadamer) it is the “uncovering” of meanings in every day life, the attempt to understand the signs and symbols of one’s culture and tradition in juxtaposition with other cultures and traditions
Hermeneutics
A formal theory, best known from the world of Alfred Tarski, that defines true in terms of a technical notion of satisfaction. According to the theory l, every sentence in the language is either satisfied or not by a distinct class of individuals. We can say the theory suggest that we as a group set up the rules according to which our sentences do or do not correspond with the facts of the world
Semantic theory of truth
