Philospophy Flashcards
The “cause-of-itself”, the first cause, which (who) initiates all changes but it not itself (himself) affected by anything prior. He believes there must be a prime mover if we are to avoid an infinite regress, which he considers am absurdity. Also refers to the prime mover as “god” and medieval philosophers (for example, st thomas Aquino’s) developed these views into Christian theology
Aristotle
In Spinoza, an essential property of god. For example, having a physical nature, having thoughts.
Attributes
The world of ___ is the changing world of our daily experience, in which things and people come into being and pass away
Becoming
The world of __ is the realm of eternal forms, in which nothing ever changes. It is, for Plato, reality, andX in general ___ is used by philosophers to refer to whatever they consider ultimately real (substance, God)
Being
That form of government in which policies or, at least, the makers of policy are chosen by popular mandate
Democritus
The metaphysical view that there are many distinct substances
In the universe, and perhaps many different kinds of substances as well
Pluralism
The view that things (or at the extreme, all things) are alive. It may also be the view that the universe as a whole is one gigantic organism
Animism
An independently existing entity in the world of being which determines the nature of the particular things of this world that participate in it, in Aristotle___ have no independent existence
Forms
The statement that is true, and that we can see to be true by virtue of the meanings of the words that compose it for example, a horse is an animal is a ___ because anyone who speaks English, and knows the meaning of the words horse. An animal knows that such a statement must be true.
Conceptual truth
Literally ideas that are born into the mind. Knowledge that is programmed into us from birth, and need not to be learned. Experience may be necessary to trigger off such ideas, but they are already in all of us in Plato the theory of ___ ideas is part of a general theory of that in mortality of the soul.
Innate
Platos secure and unexplained relationship between the things of this world, and the forms of which they are manifestations, he tells us that individual things ___ in their forms
Participation
The necessary or defining characteristics, or properties of a thing.
Essence
____  are generally distinguish from the substances in which state in which they inhere by pointing to the fact that a ___ cannot exist with being a ___ of something.
Property
The belief that every phenomenon has a purpose end or goal
Teleology
That would bring something about on the hard determinist interpretation a ___ is an antidote condition that together with other antidote conditions is sufficient to make the occurrence of some event necessary, according to the laws of nature
Cause
The cause of itself, the first cause which who initiates all changes, but is not itself himself affected by anything prior
Prime mover 
A sequence going back endlessly
Infinite regress
Ä which brings about its own existence, or whose essence involves existence often said of god
Cause of itself
I believe that God is identical to the universe has a whole everything is divine or that God is an everything Spinoza for example was a ____. Hinduism is a form of this
Pantheism
In the universe is dependent upon others, events which are it’s causes of this view all human actions and decisions. Even those that we would normally describe is free and____ are totally dependent on prior events that caused them.
Determinism
Having spaces dimensions philosophers for example Descartes often define bodies as ___ and minds and ideas as un___
Extended
Not have Spacial dimensions
Unextended
 The insistence that all events must have a justification, and that ultimately all events must be justified by gods reasons.
Principle of sufficient reason
This world, according to Leibniz’s view that god demands a perfect universe and makes it “the ____ all things considered
The best of all possible worlds
A simple in material substances that are the ultimate constituents of all reality
Monads
The metaphysical view that accepts the existence of non-spatial nonsensory entities such as numbers minds and ideas
Immaterialist
A principle of Leibniz’s philosophy according to which no two things can possibly have all the same properties or be absolutely identical in all respects
Identity of indiscernibles
The belief that l the universe is pre-arranged by God
Pre established harmony
The idea that one object can have a casual effect on another from a distance.
Action at a distance
The view that space and time exist independently of objects and events in them a view defended by newton
Absolute space
Empty space
Void
The view that space and time exist independent of objects and events in them, a view defended by newton.
Absolute time
The metaphysical view that only minds and their ideas exist
Idealism
A unit of the existence, a being; something that “stands by itself” the essential reality
Substance
The idea that a human decision or action is a persons own responvility and that praise and blame may be appropriately ascribed.
Freedom
In Anaximander the unlimited the basic stuff of the universe
Aperion
Inesstential properties or modifications of attributes
Modes
The study of being
Ontology
The metaphysical view that there is only really one substance
Monism
The metaphysical view that only physical matter exists
Materialism
The belief that one can come to grasp certain fundamental religious truths through direct experience
Mystic
Ancient Greek philosophers and teachers who believed that no reality exists except for what we take to be reality
Sophists
Indescribable
Ineffable
In epistemology, almost any mental phenomenon
Ideas
The study of the universe in its entirety
Cosmology
The study of the most basic principles. Traditionally the study of ultimate reality
Metaphysics
