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neuro > test banks 1-16 > Flashcards

test banks 1-16 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are a broad perspective and an interdisciplinary approach required for understanding the brain?

A

Understanding the brain requires knowledge about many things, from the structure of the water molecule to the electrical and chemical properties of the brain.

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2
Q

Galen’s study of sheep brains was the basis for a theory of brain function that prevailed for almost 1500 years. Which of the following represents this view?-

A

Localization of brain function in the cerebrum and cerebellum

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3
Q

What is “mind–brain problem”?

A

Individually, human mental capacities exist in the mind that is outside the brain.

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4
Q

What notion was displaced by the concept of nerves being described as wires?

A

Nerves are channels that communicate with the brain by the movement of fluids.

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5
Q

The combined work of Bell and Magendie revealed a fundamental fact about the spinal nerves.

A

Spinal nerves are bundles of sensory and motor nerves, and in each sensory and motor nerve fiber, transmission is strictly one-way.

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6
Q

For what purpose did Franz Joseph Gall study the dimensions of the human head?

A

To understand the propensity for certain personality traits

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7
Q

On what basis did Broca defend functional localization of the brain?

A

By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the left frontal lobe

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8
Q

To whom can we attribute the theory that behavior is among the heritable traits that can develop?

A

Charles Darwin

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9
Q

Which of the following is a correct explanation of a disorder that affects the nervous system?

A

Cerebral palsy is a motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or soon after birth.

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10
Q

A neuroscientist is investigating how different neural circuits in the brain analyze sensory information, form perceptions of the external world, make decisions, and execute movements. At what level of analysis is this research conducted?

A

Systems neuroscience level

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11
Q

What is the rationale behind the use of animal models to understand the human brain?

A

The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share many common mechanisms.

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12
Q

How do neuroscientists identify the parts of the brain that are specialized for different behavioral functions related to the niche a species normally occupies?

A

By comparing the specializations of the brains of different species

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13
Q

At which level of analysis do neuroscientists study the different types of neurons and their functions?

A

Cellular neuroscience

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14
Q

What is the difference between replication and verification?

A

Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibility of chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observations are obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer.

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15
Q

true or false: Galen suggested that the cerebrum, which was soft, should be the recipient of sensations. He was of the view that to form memories, sensations should be imprinted onto the brain. Thus, this must occur in the doughy cerebrum. Although the conclusion is right, the reason suggested by Galen is incorrect.

A

true

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16
Q

true or false: Scientists during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries proposed the structure–function relationship between the white matter and gray matter in the brain. According to this relationship, gray matter contained the fibers that bring information to and from the white matter.

A

false

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17
Q

true or false: Rats are considered valuable models for the effects of psychoactive drugs on the nervous system.

A

true

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18
Q

true or false: The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is formed of the animal rights
representatives.

A

false

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19
Q

What does the “neuron doctrine” state?

A

individual cells communicate by contact and not continuity.

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20
Q

What is a primary function of MAPs?

A

Regulate the function and assembly of microtubules

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21
Q

Neurons comprise two main structures: axons and dendrites. What is a major difference between the two?

A

Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons, whereas axons carry the output of neurons.

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22
Q

A scientist looks through a microscope at the structure of a neuron. The scientist notices a layer of molecules separating the neuron’s intracellular space from the extracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as?

A

Neuronal membrane

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23
Q

What do you understand by the term translation?

A

Assembling proteins from amino acids

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23
Q

What is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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24
Q

What does the mitochondrion “inhale”?

A

Pyruvic acid

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25
Q

Identify an important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axon/ terminal.

A

There are large numbers of mitochondria in the axon terminal.

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26
Q

What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane?

A

Detect neurotransmitters

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27
Q

Identify the protein that helps anterograde transport move materials from the soma to the terminal.

A

Kinesin

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28
Q

Which of the following is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements?

A

Microtubule

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29
Q

What is retrograde axoplasmic transport?

A

Movement of material from axon terminal to soma

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30
Q

Some neurons have long axons that stretch from one part of the CNS to another. What are these called?

A

Golgi type I neurons

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31
Q

What is the region where the axon begins?

A

Axon hillock

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32
Q

true or false: Molecular neurobiologists study the information contained in genes to determine the structure and functions of the neuronal proteins.

A

true

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33
Q

true or false: Dendritic spines are sensitive to the quality of the environment experienced during early development.

A

true

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34
Q

true or false: During transcription, transcription factors regulate the process of binding RNA polymerase to the promoter to initiate RNA synthesis.

A

true

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35
Q

true or false: Ribosomes take raw material in the form of amino acids and manufacture proteins usingthe blueprint provided by the mRNA.

A

true

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36
Q

A simple reflex requires the nervous system to perform three functions. Two of these functions are to collect and distribute information. What is the third function?

A

Integrate information

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37
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at rest

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38
Q

What is capacitance?

A

Storage of electric charge

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39
Q

Which of the following are the major charge carriers involved in the conduction of electricity in neurons?

A

Ions

40
Q

How do the lipids of the neuronal membrane contribute to the neuronal membranes potential?

A

These lipids form a barrier to water-soluble ions and water.

41
Q

Which factor other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibrium potential for an ion?

A

Selective ionic permeability

42
Q

How do action potentials differ from passively conducted electrical signals?

A

Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conducted signals are not signals of fixed size and duration.

43
Q

How does the sodium-potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential?

A

Pumps potassium ions in and sodium ions out

44
Q

What is the meaning of an ion’s equilibrium potential?

A

Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentration gradient

45
Q

What is the term used to describe the mechanism for the regulation of [K+]o by astrocytes?

A

Potassium spatial buffering

46
Q

Distinguish between the “head” and “tail” of phospholipids.

A

The phospholipid’s “head” contains hydrophilic phosphate and “tail” contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon.

47
Q

In which condition do astrocytes take up extracellular K+?

A

When extracellular potassium concentrations rise

48
Q

Which of the following factors determines the ion selectivity of specific ion channels?

A

Nature of the R groups lining the ion channel

49
Q

true or false: Both neurons and muscle cells have excitable membranes.

A

true

50
Q

true or false: Protein shape influences protein function.

A

true

51
Q

true or false: Peptide bonds are a chain of a single amino acid.

A

false

52
Q

true or false: The differences between amino acids result from the differences in the size and nature of the R groups.

A

true

53
Q

How long does an action potential last from the beginning of the rising phase to the end of the falling phase?

A

2 msec

54
Q

What is meant by the action potential threshold?

A

Critical level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential

55
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

The time period of about 1 msec after an action potential before another one can be initiated

56
Q

The movement of what ion occurs in the rising phase of the action potential?

A

Inward Na+

57
Q

How does the sodium channel selectivity filter differentiate between Na+ and K+ ions?

A

The sodium channel admits a Na+ water complex, with the water serving as a molecular chaperone through the channel.

58
Q

How does tetrodotoxin (TTX) affect channels?

A

TTX blocks Na+ channels.

59
Q

How have toxins been used as a research tool?

A

To study the consequences of blocking action potentials

60
Q

How long does it take for a voltage-gated potassium channel to open?

A

Voltage-gated potassium channels open about 1 msec after the membrane is depolarized.

61
Q

What role do voltage-gated potassium channels play in the action potential?

A

Voltage-gated potassium channels restore negative membrane potential after the spike.

62
Q

How does myelin help increase conduction velocity?

A

It provides electrical insulation.

63
Q

Where is the spike-initiation zone in a typical neuron?

A

The axon hillock

64
Q

Why do action potentials travel in only one direction?

A

The membrane just behind the action potential is refractory due to inactivated sodium channels.

65
Q

What property of the voltage-gated potassium channels allows K+ ions to pass?

A

Depolarization causes the four polypeptide subunits specific to the voltage-gated K+ channel to twist into a shape that allows K+ ions to pass.

66
Q

Optogenetic techniques have been developed allowing researchers to do which of the following by introducing foreign genes into test animals?

A

Open ion channels in response to blue light

67
Q

true or false: The spike-initiation zone in most peripheral sensory neurons occurs near the sensory nerve ending.

A

true

68
Q

true or false: The size of the giant axon of the squid illustrates that neural pathways that are important for survival have unusually large axons.

A

true

69
Q

true or false: The firing frequency of action potentials reflects the magnitude of the depolarizing current.

A

true

70
Q

true or false: In myelinated axons, action potentials are conducted slowly. This type of action potential propagation is called saltatory conduction.

A

false

71
Q

true or false: Saxitoxin is a channel-blocking toxin produced by the dinoflagellates of the genus Gonyaulax.

A

true

72
Q

true or false: Neurons vary in shape, size, gene expression, and connections, but all have identical electrical properties.

A

false

73
Q

Identify the neuroscientists who first proved the existence of electrical synapses.

A

Edwin Furshpan and David Potter

74
Q

What types of cells can a neuron communicate with at a synapse?

A

Another neuron, muscle cell, or glandular cell

75
Q

What is the function of a gap junction between neurons?

A

Electrical synapse between the neurons

76
Q

What is the other name for dense-core vesicles?

A

Secretory granules

77
Q

Why are neuromuscular junctions such reliable synapses?

A

Because the axon terminal is large and the presynaptic terminal contains a large number of active zones

78
Q

What are transporters? What is their role?

A

Special proteins embedded in the vesicle membrane; responsible for concentrating neurotransmitters inside the vesicle

79
Q

Which of the following channels in the active zones of the synaptic terminal open when the membrane depolarizes and causes the release of synaptic vesicles?

A

Voltage-gated calcium channels

80
Q

Under what conditions are peptide neurotransmitters generally released from the synaptic terminal?

A

Only with high-frequency trains of action potentials

81
Q

What are second messengers?

A

Molecules that activate additional enzymes in the cytosol

82
Q

How are released neurotransmitters cleared from the synaptic cleft?

A

enzymatic destruction and diffusion

83
Q

How do nerve gases interfere with synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction?

A

By inhibiting the enzyme AChE

84
Q

What is synaptic integration?

A

A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron

85
Q

Quantal analysis shows that a single action potential at the neuromuscular junction causes an EPSP of 40 mV or more, compared to only a few tenths of a millivolt at many CNS synapses. What accounts for this difference?

A

A larger number of synaptic vesicles releasing neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction compared with CNS synapses

86
Q

What is the effect of activating G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Activate effector proteins such as ion channels or those that synthesize second messengers

87
Q

true or false: Protein phosphorylation can change the conformation of a protein, thereby changing its activity.

A

true

88
Q

true or false: If the postsynaptic cell is an interneuron that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter, the excitation of the cell will result in an action potential in its synaptic targets.

A

false

89
Q

true or false: The effectiveness of an excitatory synapse in triggering an action potential depends on how near the synapse is to the spike-initiation zone and the properties of the dendritic membrane.

A

false

90
Q

true or false: Second messengers can alter cellular metabolism by activating additional enzymes in the cytosol.

A

true

91
Q

true or false: The transmission of G-protein-coupled receptors involves only two steps: binding to the receptor protein and activation of G-proteins. True or false?

A

false

92
Q

Dale’s principle states that a neuron has at least two different neurotransmitters. True or false?

A

false

93
Q

GABAergic neurons are the major source of synaptic inhibition in the nervous system. True or false?

A

true

94
Q

The amino acid tyrosine is the precursor for three different amine neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. True or false?

A

true

95
Q

Which side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand?

A

right

96
Q

Which of the following regulates vital bodily functions such as breathing?

A

Brain stem

97
Q

Axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. Which of the following represents an efferent projection?

A

Motor output from the spinal code

98
Q

At what point do the somatic sensory axons enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal roots

neuro (8 decks)

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