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mm Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a “functional” imaging technique capable of detecting changes in blood flow or metabolism?

A

Positron emission tomography

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2
Q

Which membrane lies closest to the brain?

A

pia

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3
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles

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4
Q

The central nervous system develops from which embryonic tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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5
Q

Which major white matter system forms an axonal bridge linking the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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6
Q

The retinas of the eyes develop from which of the following embryonic zones?

A

Prosencephalon

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7
Q

Which of the following is derived from “telencephalon”?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

The retina is part of the peripheral nervous system. T/F

A

False

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9
Q

Neurons in the olfactory bulbs are often referred to as the gateway to the cerebral cortex. T/F

A

False

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10
Q

Brodmann constructed a cytoarchitectural map of the neocortex based on each area with a common cytoarchitecture. T/F

A

True

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11
Q

prosencephalon or the

A

forebrain

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12
Q

rhombencephalon or the

A

hindbrain

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13
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Chemically sensitive cells that serve as sensory receptors

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14
Q

Identify the causative agent for acidity and sourness.

A

protons

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15
Q

Each olfactory receptor gene has a unique structure, which allows the receptor proteins encoded by these genes to bind to different odorants. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

Most of the eyes refractive power is accomplished by what structure?

A

Cornea

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17
Q

Which of the following corresponds to the photoreceptor “dark current”?

A

The movement of positive current across the photoreceptor membrane in the dark

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18
Q

The range of wavelengths in the visible electromagnetic spectrum is 100-1000 nm. True or false?

A

false

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19
Q

What is a primary similarity in the visual receptive fields of LGN neurons and the ganglion cells that feed them?

A

Both have center-surround receptive fields.

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20
Q

The optic radiation is the projection from the LGN to the optic tract. True or false?

A

false

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21
Q

Striate cortex blobs receive koniocellular input from layer IVC of the striate cortex. True or false?

A

false

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22
Q

The binocular visual field is the entire region of space that can be seen with both eyes fixated straight ahead. True or false?

A

false

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23
Q

Identify the two structures that are separated by the tympanic membrane.

A

The auditory canal and the ossicles

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24
Q

Which localization process is used mostly for sounds in the range of 20-2000 Hz?

A

Interaural time delay

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25
Q

A unilateral lesion in the auditory cortex will cause complete deafness. True or false?

A

False

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26
Q

The organs of balance and hearing in mammals evolved from the _______ ______
organs of aquatic vertebrates.

A

lateral line

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27
Q

Which of the following has large receptive fields that may cover an entire finger or half of the palm? Choose

A

Pacinian corpuscles

28
Q

Identify the disorder that causes inability to recognize common objects by feeling them even though they can be recognized by sight or sound.

A

Astereognosia

29
Q

Which of the following are somatic sensory areas of the parietal lobe?

A

Areas 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 5, and 7

30
Q

To which stimuli do the majority of nociceptors respond?

A

Mechanical, thermal, and chemical

31
Q

Information about pain and temperature is conducted more rapidly than information
about touch and proprioception. True or false?

A

false

32
Q

Each finger is represented by an adjacent area of somatic sensory cortex. Within the
area of each finger, representations are alternating columns of cells with
_______________ and _______________ adapting sensory responses.

A

rapidly, slowly

33
Q

The area of skin innervated by the right and left dorsal roots of a single spinal segment
is called a ________________.

A

dermatome

34
Q

Which side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand?

A

right

35
Q

Which of the following regulates vital bodily functions such as breathing?

A

Brain stem

36
Q

Axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. Which of the following represents an efferent projection?

A

Motor output from the spinal code

37
Q

At what point do the somatic sensory axons enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal roots

38
Q

What is one of the advantages of MRI over CT scanning?

A

MRI yields a more detailed map of the brain.

39
Q

Damage to the corticospinal tract in the midbrain on one side produces a loss of voluntary control of movement on the opposite side of the body. T/F

A

true

40
Q

The crossing of axons of each pyramidal tract from one side of the midline to the other where the medulla joins the spinal cord is called the

A

pyramidal decussation

41
Q

What changes occur in taste receptors when the membrane is depolarized during receptor potential?

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitter.

42
Q

How does the brain distinguish between alternative tastes?

A

By roughly labeled lines and population coding

43
Q

What is the function of odorant-binding proteins in the mucus?

A

May concentrate odorants

44
Q

What is the consequence of knocking out critical proteins of the olfactory cAMP pathway in mice?

A

Anosmia occurs.

45
Q

What mechanism(s) does the brain use to distinguish between smells?

A

Olfactory map, temporal code, and population code

46
Q

What is meant by the threshold concentration for taste stimuli? Choose the correct option

A

The concentration that evokes perception of taste

47
Q

Which of the following occurs during sour taste transduction? Choose the correct option.

A

H+ influx depolarizes the cell.

48
Q

Why do we not confuse the tastes of bitter chemicals with sweet ones?

A

The receptor proteins are expressed in different cells.

49
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) carry taste information from the taste buds to the brain?

A

Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve

50
Q

Which is true of population coding?

A

A large number of neurons specify the properties of a stimulus.

51
Q

Salt-sensitive taste cells have a special Na+-selective channel, which is blocked by

A

amiloride

52
Q

Lesions within the gustatory cortex or VPM thalamus can cause

A

ageusia

53
Q

Why there is no sensation of light at the optic disk?

A

Because there are no photoreceptors in the optic disk

54
Q

How is the aqueous humor different from the vitreous humor?

A

Aqueous humor lies behind the cornea, whereas the vitreous humor lies between the lens and the retina.

55
Q

Which layer in the retina contains the cell bodies of the bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells?

A

Inner nuclear layer

56
Q

Which cells in the retina have axons that leave the retina?

A

Ganglion cells

57
Q

What is meant by the term duplex retina

A

The retina is capable of both scotopic and photopic vision.

58
Q

How does the eye focus on objects located at a distance less than about 9 m?

A

A change in the shape of the lens in addition to refraction by the cornea

59
Q

Which layer contains the light-sensitive elements of the retina?

A

Photoreceptor layer

60
Q

James, age 22 years, was riding a motorbike when he had an accident. A
neuropsychological test revealed that James suffered extensive damage to area V4 in the ventral stream. What is the most likely deficit resulting from a V4 lesion?

A

Color perception deficit

61
Q

Which of the following is a role proposed for movement-sensitive neurons in the parietal area called MST?

A

Navigation

62
Q

Which of the following is perceived as having a higher pitch?

A

High-frequency sound waves

63
Q

Which of the following contributes to the pressure at the oval window being 20 times greater than that at the tympanic membrane?

A

Ossicles act like levers.

64
Q

Phase locking is used to represent very low frequencies, and ___________ is used for high frequencies.

A

tonotopy

65
Q

Thirty spinal segments are divided into four groups: ___________, _____________,
_______________, and ______________.

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

neuro (8 decks)

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