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1
Q

Which of the following is a “functional” imaging technique capable of detecting changes in blood flow or metabolism?

A

Positron emission tomography

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2
Q

Which membrane lies closest to the brain?

A

pia

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3
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles

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4
Q

The central nervous system develops from which embryonic tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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5
Q

Which major white matter system forms an axonal bridge linking the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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6
Q

The retinas of the eyes develop from which of the following embryonic zones?

A

Prosencephalon

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7
Q

Which of the following is derived from “telencephalon”?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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8
Q

The retina is part of the peripheral nervous system. T/F

A

False

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9
Q

Neurons in the olfactory bulbs are often referred to as the gateway to the cerebral cortex. T/F

A

False

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10
Q

Brodmann constructed a cytoarchitectural map of the neocortex based on each area with a common cytoarchitecture. T/F

A

True

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11
Q

prosencephalon or the

A

forebrain

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12
Q

rhombencephalon or the

A

hindbrain

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13
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Chemically sensitive cells that serve as sensory receptors

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14
Q

Identify the causative agent for acidity and sourness.

A

protons

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15
Q

Each olfactory receptor gene has a unique structure, which allows the receptor proteins encoded by these genes to bind to different odorants. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

Most of the eyes refractive power is accomplished by what structure?

A

Cornea

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17
Q

Which of the following corresponds to the photoreceptor “dark current”?

A

The movement of positive current across the photoreceptor membrane in the dark

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18
Q

The range of wavelengths in the visible electromagnetic spectrum is 100-1000 nm. True or false?

A

false

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19
Q

What is a primary similarity in the visual receptive fields of LGN neurons and the ganglion cells that feed them?

A

Both have center-surround receptive fields.

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20
Q

The optic radiation is the projection from the LGN to the optic tract. True or false?

A

false

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21
Q

Striate cortex blobs receive koniocellular input from layer IVC of the striate cortex. True or false?

A

false

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22
Q

The binocular visual field is the entire region of space that can be seen with both eyes fixated straight ahead. True or false?

A

false

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23
Q

Identify the two structures that are separated by the tympanic membrane.

A

The auditory canal and the ossicles

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24
Q

Which localization process is used mostly for sounds in the range of 20-2000 Hz?

A

Interaural time delay

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25
A unilateral lesion in the auditory cortex will cause complete deafness. True or false?
False
26
The organs of balance and hearing in mammals evolved from the _______ ______ organs of aquatic vertebrates.
lateral line
27
Which of the following has large receptive fields that may cover an entire finger or half of the palm? Choose
Pacinian corpuscles
28
Identify the disorder that causes inability to recognize common objects by feeling them even though they can be recognized by sight or sound.
Astereognosia
29
Which of the following are somatic sensory areas of the parietal lobe?
Areas 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 5, and 7
30
To which stimuli do the majority of nociceptors respond?
Mechanical, thermal, and chemical
31
Information about pain and temperature is conducted more rapidly than information about touch and proprioception. True or false?
false
32
Each finger is represented by an adjacent area of somatic sensory cortex. Within the area of each finger, representations are alternating columns of cells with _______________ and _______________ adapting sensory responses.
rapidly, slowly
33
The area of skin innervated by the right and left dorsal roots of a single spinal segment is called a ________________.
dermatome
34
Which side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand?
right
35
Which of the following regulates vital bodily functions such as breathing?
Brain stem
36
Axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. Which of the following represents an efferent projection?
Motor output from the spinal code
37
At what point do the somatic sensory axons enter the spinal cord?
Dorsal roots
38
What is one of the advantages of MRI over CT scanning?
MRI yields a more detailed map of the brain.
39
Damage to the corticospinal tract in the midbrain on one side produces a loss of voluntary control of movement on the opposite side of the body. T/F
true
40
The crossing of axons of each pyramidal tract from one side of the midline to the other where the medulla joins the spinal cord is called the
pyramidal decussation
41
What changes occur in taste receptors when the membrane is depolarized during receptor potential?
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, triggering the release of neurotransmitter.
42
How does the brain distinguish between alternative tastes?
By roughly labeled lines and population coding
43
What is the function of odorant-binding proteins in the mucus?
May concentrate odorants
44
What is the consequence of knocking out critical proteins of the olfactory cAMP pathway in mice?
Anosmia occurs.
45
What mechanism(s) does the brain use to distinguish between smells?
Olfactory map, temporal code, and population code
46
What is meant by the threshold concentration for taste stimuli? Choose the correct option
The concentration that evokes perception of taste
47
Which of the following occurs during sour taste transduction? Choose the correct option.
H+ influx depolarizes the cell.
48
Why do we not confuse the tastes of bitter chemicals with sweet ones?
The receptor proteins are expressed in different cells.
49
Which cranial nerve(s) carry taste information from the taste buds to the brain?
Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve
50
Which is true of population coding?
A large number of neurons specify the properties of a stimulus.
51
Salt-sensitive taste cells have a special Na+-selective channel, which is blocked by
amiloride
52
Lesions within the gustatory cortex or VPM thalamus can cause
ageusia
53
Why there is no sensation of light at the optic disk?
Because there are no photoreceptors in the optic disk
54
How is the aqueous humor different from the vitreous humor?
Aqueous humor lies behind the cornea, whereas the vitreous humor lies between the lens and the retina.
55
Which layer in the retina contains the cell bodies of the bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells?
Inner nuclear layer
56
Which cells in the retina have axons that leave the retina?
Ganglion cells
57
What is meant by the term duplex retina
The retina is capable of both scotopic and photopic vision.
58
How does the eye focus on objects located at a distance less than about 9 m?
A change in the shape of the lens in addition to refraction by the cornea
59
Which layer contains the light-sensitive elements of the retina?
Photoreceptor layer
60
James, age 22 years, was riding a motorbike when he had an accident. A neuropsychological test revealed that James suffered extensive damage to area V4 in the ventral stream. What is the most likely deficit resulting from a V4 lesion?
Color perception deficit
61
Which of the following is a role proposed for movement-sensitive neurons in the parietal area called MST?
Navigation
62
Which of the following is perceived as having a higher pitch?
High-frequency sound waves
63
Which of the following contributes to the pressure at the oval window being 20 times greater than that at the tympanic membrane?
Ossicles act like levers.
64
Phase locking is used to represent very low frequencies, and ___________ is used for high frequencies.
tonotopy
65
Thirty spinal segments are divided into four groups: ___________, _____________, _______________, and ______________.
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

neuro (8 decks)

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