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neuro > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Vision Significance

A

Animals depend on vision to identify nourishment, poison, and potential mates. It’s an essential sensory system for survival.

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2
Q

Human Eye vs. Camera

A

The human eye is similar to a camera but superior in many ways. It can adapt to various light conditions, focus quickly, and has a wider dynamic range

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3
Q

what is the Retina

A

the retina is the innermost layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals for vision.

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4
Q

what are Photoreceptors

A

Photoreceptors detect differences in light intensity. They include rods for low-light vision and cones for color vision in bright light.

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5
Q

what is the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A

The LGN is the first synaptic relay in the primary visual pathway, transmitting visual information from the retina to the visual cortex.

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6
Q

what are the Properties of Light

A

Light is electromagnetic radiation with properties like wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. It’s studied in optics, which explores its interactions like reflection, absorption, and refraction.

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7
Q

anatomy of the Eye

A

The eye’s anatomy includes the pupil (where light enters), sclera (white of the eye), iris (gives color), cornea (transparent surface), and optic nerve (transmits visual information to the brain).

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8
Q

what is Refraction by the Cornea

A

The cornea bends light to focus it on the retina, forming clear images. It’s like the lens of a camera.

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9
Q

what is Accommodation by the Lens

A

The lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances, allowing for clear vision.

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10
Q

what is the Pupillary Light Reflex

A

This reflex adjusts the size of the pupil based on ambient light levels, similar to how a camera aperture adjusts to control light.

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11
Q

what is the Visual Field

A

The visual field is the space viewed by the retina when the eye looks straight ahead, crucial for spatial perception

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12
Q

what is Visual Acuity

A

Visual acuity is the ability to distinguish two nearby points and is measured in degrees using visual angles

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13
Q

what is the Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina

A

The retina contains photoreceptors like rods and cones, which process light signals and transmit them to the brain for interpretation

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14
Q

what is Phototransduction

A

Phototransduction is the process by which photoreceptors convert light energy into neural signals, crucial for vision

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15
Q

what is Retinal Processing

A

involves complex interactions between photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells to process visual information before transmission to the brain.

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16
Q

what is Ganglion Cell Output

A

Ganglion cells are the only cells in the retina that produce action potentials, carrying visual information to the brain

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17
Q

what is Parallel Processing

A

Parallel processing in the retina involves simultaneous input from both eyes, which is compared in the cortex for depth perception and object recognition

18
Q

what are Light Properties

A

Light is electromagnetic radiation with properties such as wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Its energy is proportional to frequency, with high-energy examples like gamma radiation and cool colors, and low-energy examples like radio waves and warm colors

19
Q

what is the Anatomy of the Eye (Continued)

A

The anatomy of the eye also includes the fovea, a pit in the retina with the highest concentration of cones, maximizing visual acuity in the central visual field.

20
Q

what is Phototransduction in Rods

A

Phototransduction in rods involves light interacting with photopigments to produce a change in membrane potential, leading to hyperpolarization in response to light

21
Q

what is Phototransduction in Cones

A

Phototransduction in cones is similar to rods but with different opsins for color vision. They contribute to color detection and spectral sensitivity according to the Young-Helmholtz trichromacy theory of color vision.

22
Q

what are the Regional Differences in Retinal Structure

A

Retinal structure varies from the fovea to the periphery, with the peripheral retina having a higher ratio of rods to cones and being more sensitive to light. The fovea has a 1:1 ratio of cones to ganglion cells, maximizing visual acuity.

23
Q

what is Dark Adaptation

A

Dark adaptation involves the dilation of pupils, regeneration of unbleached rhodopsin, and adjustments in functional circuitry to improve vision in low-light conditions.

24
Q

what is Calcium’s Role in Light Adaptation

A

Calcium concentration changes in photoreceptors regulate light adaptation by modulating cGMP-gated sodium channels, indirectly affecting levels of cGMP and the responsiveness of photoreceptors to light.

25
Q

what is Retinal Processing (Continued)

A

Research in retinal processing has revealed that ganglion cells produce action potentials, while other retinal neurons produce graded changes in membrane potential, contributing to visual information processing.

26
Q

what is the Mapping of Visual Space

A

Visual space is mapped onto retinal cells, but the mapping is not uniform, with different receptive fields and response properties of retinal ganglion cells contributing to parallel processing and depth perception

27
Q

Which property of light is directly proportional to its energy?

A

b) Frequency

28
Q

What is the primary function of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in visual processing?

A

d) Visual relay station

29
Q

What is the role of the iris in the human eye?

A

c) Adjusting the size of the pupil

30
Q

Which structure of the eye is responsible for collecting light and forming images on the retina?

A

Cornea

31
Q

What is the primary function of the optic nerve?

A

b) Transmitting visual information to the brain

32
Q

What is the function of horizontal cells in retinal processing?

A

a) Receive input from photoreceptors and project to other photoreceptors and bipolar cells

33
Q

What is the significance of the central fovea in the retina?

A

b) Maximizes visual acuity with a high density of cones

34
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the phototransduction process in rods?

A

a) Glutamate

35
Q

What is the role of calcium in light adaptation in photoreceptors?

A

c) Regulates the release of neurotransmitters in response to light

36
Q

Who conducted research on ganglion cell output and retinal processing?

A

a) Keffer Hartline, Stephen Kuffler, and Horace Barlow

37
Q

What is the function of on-center bipolar cells in the retina?

A

b) Depolarize in response to light in their receptive field

38
Q

Which type of ganglion cells are responsive to differences in illumination?

A

a) M-type (Magno)

39
Q

What is the primary purpose of parallel processing in the visual system?

A

c) Extracting depth and distance cues

40
Q

How does the mapping of visual space onto retinal cells vary?

A

c) It is non-uniform, with higher resolution in the fovea

41
Q

Which process parallels phototransduction in olfactory transduction?

A

d) Electrical-to-chemical signal conversion

neuro (8 decks)

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