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neuro > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

front

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2
Q

posterior

A

back

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3
Q

dorsal

A

back

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4
Q

ventral

A

front

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5
Q

lateral

A

further away from midline

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6
Q

midsagittal

A

separating left from right

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7
Q

horizontal

A

separates superior from inferior

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8
Q

rostral

A

head or front of body (like a beak)

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9
Q

caudal

A

back of body

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10
Q

what are the cerebral hemispheres separated by

A

deep sagittal fissure

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11
Q

where does the RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE receive sensations from

A

left side of body (vice versa)

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12
Q

what does the LEFT side of the CEREBELLUM control?

A

LEFT side of the body (vice versa)

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13
Q

what happens when a transection is done to the spinal cord

A

lack of feeling in skin and paralysis of muscles in parts of the body caudal to cut (meaning muscles cannot be controlled by the brain)

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14
Q

where do the cell bodies of motor neurons lie

A

CNS

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15
Q

where do the axons of motor neurons lie

A

PNS

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16
Q

afferent is carry to or carry from?

A

carry to (carry info toward something)

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17
Q

efferent is carry to or carry form?

A

carry from (carry info away)

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18
Q

what separates pia mater and arachnoid membrane and what is inside?

A

subarachnoid space which is filled with salty clear liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (brain floats in this fluid)

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19
Q

what is the Choroid plexus

A

specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

what advantages do MRIs have over CTs

A

more detail
does not require x-irradiation
brain slice image in any angle

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21
Q

what is differentiation

A

process by which structures become complex and specialized

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22
Q

Differentiation of the Telencephalon and
Diencephalon

A

Telencephalon : Cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal telencephalon
Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus

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23
Q

what does the Cerebral cortex do

A

Analyzes sensory input
and command motor
output

24
Q

what receives sensory info from ear?

A

inferior colliculus

25
Q

what receives sensory info from eye?

A

Superior colliculus

26
Q

Differences IN human brain vs rat brain

A
  • Convolutions on human cerebrum surface called sulci and gyri
  • Size of olfactory bulb
  • Growth of cerebral hemisphere: Temporal, frontal,
    parietal, occipital
27
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebrum?

A

Processing sensory information and generating motor commands

28
Q

List the components of the central nervous system.

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord

29
Q

How are sensations and movements controlled in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

CONTRALATERALLY

30
Q

Describe the function and location of the cerebellum.

A

Movement control center; ipsilateral
Behind the cerebrum

31
Q

What happens when the spinal cord is transected?

A

Paralysis of muscles in body parts caudal to cut meaning BRAIN CANNOT CONTROL IT

32
Q

Differentiate between the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves.

A

Dorsal: bring sensory info into spinal cord
Ventral: bring motor info out of spinal cord

33
Q

Define somatic nervous system and its primary targets.

A

The somatic nervous system innervates the skin, joints, and muscles, and its primary targets are voluntary movements and sensations.

34
Q

Where do somatic motor axons originate from?

A

Somatic motor axons originate from motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord.

35
Q

Explain the role of dorsal root ganglia.

A

Dorsal root ganglia are clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord that contain somatic sensory axons.

36
Q

What does the visceral nervous system innervate?

A

internal organs, blood vessels, and glands, controlling visceral functions such as blood pressure and intestinal movements

37
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

38
Q

Briefly explain the composition of cranial nerves.

A

Cranial nerves are composed of axons from the central nervous system, axons from the peripheral nervous system, and visceral fibers.

39
Q

Describe the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

A

fluid protects the brain and spinal cord from mechanical injury, provides nutrients to neurons, and helps regulate brain temperature.

40
Q

Differentiate between computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in terms of their principles of operation.

A

CT uses X-ray beams to generate images of brain slices, while MRI uses information on how hydrogen atoms respond to perturbations of a strong magnetic field.

41
Q

Name the three primary brain vesicles and their derivatives.

A

The three primary brain vesicles are prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain).

42
Q

Describe the differentiation of the telencephalon and diencephalon.

A

The telencephalon gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, and basal telencephalon, while the diencephalon gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus.

43
Q

Discuss the role of the cerebral cortex in sensory analysis and motor output.

A

The cerebral cortex analyzes sensory input and commands motor output, integrating information from various sensory modalities to guide behavior.

44
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? How does it relate to the cortex?

A

The thalamus acts as a gateway to the cortex, relaying sensory information from peripheral receptors to the appropriate cortical areas and receiving motor commands from the cortex.

45
Q

Explain the significance of the internal capsule in brain function.

A

The internal capsule contains axons that carry information between the cortex and other parts of the brain and spinal cord, playing a crucial role in motor and sensory functions.

46
Q

Describe the function of the hypothalamus.

A

The hypothalamus controls the visceral nervous system, regulating essential functions such as body temperature, thirst, hunger, and hormonal secretion.

47
Q

What are the main functions of the midbrain?

A

The midbrain contains axons descending from the cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord, serves as an information conduit between the spinal cord and forebrain, and controls sensory systems and movements.

48
Q

Name and briefly explain the functions of the structures in the tectum and tegmentum.

A

The tectum contains the superior colliculus (receives sensory information from the eye) and inferior colliculus (receives sensory information from the ear), while the tegmentum contains structures such as the substantia nigra and red nucleus involved in voluntary movement control.

49
Q

Describe the functions of the hindbrain structures: cerebellum, pons, and cochlear nuclei.

A

The cerebellum primarily controls movement, the pons acts as a switchboard connecting the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum, and the cochlear nuclei project axons to different brain structures involved in auditory processing.

50
Q

List three differences between the human brain and the rat brain.

A

Convolutions on the human cerebrum surface called sulci and gyri, size of the olfactory bulb, growth of cerebral hemispheres (temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital).

51
Q

Define cerebral cortex and its common features.

A

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum, characterized by cell bodies organized into layers or sheets, with apical dendrites forming multiple branches.

52
Q

Discuss the concept of neocortical evolution and its implications for brain function.

A

Neocortical evolution refers to changes in the amount of cortex rather than its structure, leading to increased cognitive abilities and specialization of brain functions in higher mammals.

53
Q

Explain the significance of the corpus callosum in interhemispheric communication.

A

The corpus callosum is a large bundle of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication and coordination of functions between them.

54
Q

Discuss the role of the substantia nigra and red nucleus in voluntary movement control.

A

The substantia nigra and red nucleus are involved in the control of voluntary movement, with the substantia nigra producing dopamine and the red nucleus contributing to motor coordination.

55
Q

Compare and contrast the functions of the telencephalon and diencephalon in brain function.

A

The telencephalon gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres and olfactory bulbs, primarily involved in higher cognitive functions, while the diencephalon includes structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus, responsible for sensory relay and visceral control, respectively.

56
Q

Discuss the evolution of the cerebral cortex and its impact on sensory processing and motor control.

A

The evolution of the cerebral cortex has led to increased complexity and specialization of brain functions, allowing for more sophisticated sensory processing and motor control in higher mammals.

neuro (8 decks)

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