Test Bank Ch 24-32 Flashcards
1
Q
When palpating the anterior portion of a patient’s abdomen, you note tenderness in the left upper quadrant. As a knowledgeable OEC Technician, you would recognize that which of the following organs may be involved?
A
c. The spleen
2
Q
A patient complains of severe and sharp pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. Based on this location, what organ or structure is most likely involved?
A
d. appendix.
3
Q
You have been called to aid a patient with abdominal pain. The patient states that he recently had his gall bladder removed. As an OEC Technician, you realize that the gallbladder is located in the:
A
b. right upper abdominal quadrant.
4
Q
The spleen of a patient has ruptured. Because it is a solid organ, an OEC Technician recognizes that the primary threat to life is:
A
a. blood loss.
5
Q
An OEC Technician would recognize which of the following situations as acute abdominal emergency?
A
d. A ski racer who hit a tree and has significant left flank pain.
6
Q
An OEC Technician knows that the abdomen is located between the:
A
a. diaphragm and the top of the pelvis.
7
Q
The pancreas is best described as a(n):
A
c. solid organ.
8
Q
An OEC Technician understands the major function of most organs in the abdomen when she makes which of the following statements?
A
d. “The fundamental role of the organs in the abdomen is the cleansing and filtering of blood.”
9
Q
Upon entering the room of a 62-year-old woman who has an unknown medical complaint, which of the following clues observed during the scene size-up would increase an OEC Technician’s suspicion that the patient is suffering from an acute abdominal condition?
A
c. She is lying on her side with her knees drawn up to her chest.
10
Q
Which of the following statements indicates that an OEC Technician correctly understands the goal of assessing a patient who has abdominal pain?
A
c. “It is more important to recognize a possible abdominal emergency than it is to identify the exact cause.”
11
Q
A crying 42-year-old woman states that she has sharp abdominal pain that she localizes to her right lower quadrant. When assessing this patient’s abdomen, an OEC Technician would:
A
a. start the exam by palpating the abdomen in the left upper quadrant.
12
Q
With which of the following assessment findings for a patient complaining of abdominal and back pain would an OEC Technician be most concerned?
A
b. A pulsating mass above the umbilicus
13
Q
You suspect that a patient with right lower quadrant pain may have appendicitis. The patient states that he has no health insurance and wants to refuse care and transport. He asks you what can happen if he does have appendicitis and he does not go to the hospital. Which of the following statements would you make in reply?
A
a. “Your appendix could rupture, causing a major infection and shock.”
14
Q
A patient informs you that he was recently diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). He states that the surgeon did not want to operate on it immediately because he felt the situation was stable and that surgery was not worth the risks it posed. Tonight the patient states that he suddenly developed abdominal pain. Given this history, which of the following findings would cause an OEC Technician to suspect that AAA is the cause of the abdominal pain?
A
a. A complaint of “tearing” pain in the patient’s back
15
Q
The structures within the abdomen are:
A
d. poorly protected.
16
Q
Blunt trauma to the upper right abdominal quadrant can injure the:
A
c. liver.
17
Q
Blunt trauma to the upper left abdominal quadrant can injure the:
A
a. spleen.
18
Q
The most common injury to the pancreas results from:
A
c. bicycle accidents in which the abdomen strikes the handlebar.
19
Q
In which of the following injuries can the abdominal cavity migrate into the thoracic cavity?
A
d. A tear in the diaphragm
20
Q
A tear in the abdominal wall that results in protruding organs is called a(n):
A
b. evisceration.
21
Q
As is the case for any rescue situation, management of abdominopelvic trauma must first center on:
A
b. keeping the patient and all rescuers safe.
22
Q
If a scene becomes unsafe for a patient with abdominopelvic trauma, OEC Technicians should:
A
c. move the patient to a safer place, so long as doing so does not place rescuers at risk.
23
Q
Because abdominopelvic trauma can result in serious internal injury, OEC Technicians should call for:
A
d. EMS as soon as possible.
24
Q
In most cases, the position of comfort in abdominopelvic trauma is:
A
a. supine, with the knees bent.
25
In treating an evisceration, OEC Technicians should:
c. not put the protruding organs back inside the abdominopelvic cavity.
26
To prepare a patient with a pelvic fracture for transportation, OEC Technicians should:
a. apply a pelvic binder.
27
Because pelvic fractures can result in large blood losses, OEC Technicians should:
d. call for ALS to begin IV treatment to replace lost body fluids.
28
You have finished teaching a class on cold emergencies and want to assess if the class understands the concepts. You ask a student to discuss the regulation of temperature in the human body. You know that she understands when she makes which of the following statements?
a. "If the body becomes too hot or too cold, the brain sends instructions so that the body either retains or loses heat."
29
You are assessing a conscious but confused hiker who became lost in the woods on a cold day. Your assessment shows that he has an open airway, adequate breathing, and a weak radial pulse. His skin is cold to the touch and he is shivering. OEC Technicians should recognize that the:
c. shivering is a protective means by which the body is attempting to warm itself.
30
A young man who was angry with friends wandered away from a party and spent the night outside uncovered in 40–50 degree temperatures. He is confused, has decreased but adequate breathing, and has a weak radial pulse. His skin is cool, and capillary refill is delayed. When looking to see if he is shivering, you note that he is not. Based on this presentation, OEC Technicians can safely conclude that the:
b. patient's body temperature is most likely dangerously low.
31
You and your friends are camping on a 20-degree day. Which of the following assessment findings best illustrates that your bodies are no longer compensating for the effects of the cold?
b. Loss of fine motor coordination
32
Which of the following processes may account for as much as 60 percent of heat loss from the body?
c. Radiation
33
Which of the following actions should you take to decrease a patient’s heat loss due to radiation?
a. Put a hat on the patient’s head.
34
Which of the following patients is losing body heat by the mechanism of convection?
d. A 30-year-old male exposed to a light breeze in a cool environment
35
A patient who is conscious and breathing has been pulled from a stream of cold water. To decrease her loss of heat via the mechanism of conduction, an OEC Technician should immediately:
b. remove her wet clothing.
36
Based on your OEC training, which of the following patients is most likely suffering from generalized hypothermia?
a. A 21-year-old female who was trapped in cold water for 10 minutes before being rescued
37
You are scheduled to give a presentation on cold-related emergencies to an OEC class. In preparing the talk, which of the following points should you emphasize?
a. Prevention of heat loss is crucial in the care of all cold injury patients.
38
Which of the following signs would you observe earliest in a hypothermic patient?
c. Shivering
39
Which of the following statements about immersion hypothermia is false?
b. Immersion hypothermia typically does not occur until the water temperature is below 35°F.
40
Your friend, who is a paramedic, is describing an emergency call he was on last weekend. He tells you that he cared for a 78-year-old woman who had slipped while getting out of her bathtub and had been lying on a tile floor for almost 24 hours. When your friend arrived he found the woman confused and cold to the touch. Although it was 80 degrees outside, the temperature in the apartment was only 68 because she had her air conditioner running on high. Based on your OEC training, you recognize that this patient was probably suffering from:
c. hypothermia due to heat loss caused by conduction.
41
A young boy complains of pain in his fingers after spending several hours outside riding a sled in cold temperatures. After ensuring that he has no life-threatening conditions, you turn your attention to his hands and note that his fingers are cold to the touch. Which of the following signs or symptoms would help confirm your suspicion that he is suffering from early or superficial frostbite?
a. Soft but numb skin on the fingers
42
When assessing the vital signs of a severely hypothermic patient, OEC Technicians should:
b. monitor the patient’s pulse and respirations for ten seconds.
43
Which of the following instructions is most appropriate when moving a patient who has severe generalized hypothermia?
"I want everyone to take extra care in moving her very gently to the stretcher; we do not want her to go into cardiac arrest."
44
Which of the following findings best indicates that a patient with cold skin is suffering from moderate hypothermia?
c. A heart rate of 52 beats per minute
45
When obtaining a history of a five-year-old boy with generalized hypothermia, which of the following questions should an OEC Technician ask first?
b. "Does he have any medical conditions?"
46
An OEC Technician can most accurately assess a patient’s core temperature by using a(n):
b. low-temperature rectal thermometer.
47
A severely hypothermic patient is in cardiac arrest. Most studies indicate that for patients who have been submerged in cold water for more than one hour, you should:
b. focus on rewarming and rapidly transporting the patient.
48
You have been called to aid an alert and oriented male patient whose friends state he spent several hours locked out of his house in cold temperatures. Given that the primary and secondary assessments have ruled out immediately life-threatening conditions, you have decided to rewarm the patient. Which of the following actions would be most appropriate for this patient?
b. Apply hot packs to the patient's chest, groin, and armpits.
49
You need to begin rewarming an unresponsive patient who has a core temperature of 93°F. Which of the following measures would most benefit this patient?
c. Wrap the patient in several warm blankets.
50
Which of the following statements indicates that an OEC Technician understands the care of a patient with a localized cold injury to the foot?
a. "After rewarming the foot you should elevate it above the level of the heart."
51
You are facilitating a talk on cold emergencies in the backcountry. You are asked when one should attempt to rewarm a hand or foot that is frostbitten. Which of the following statements would be your best response?
d. "Rewarming should take place only when there is no chance that the tissue will refreeze."
52
One of your friends on a hunting trip in Montana has suffered a severe localized cold injury to his hand and fingers. He does not have any life-threatening conditions and you elect to rewarm the affected areas. Which of the following actions is most appropriate for your friend?
d. Thaw and rewarm the tissue as quickly as possible.
53
After successfully rewarming a foot that has frozen toes, an OEC Technician should:
a. cover the foot and toes with dry dressings.
54
You have initiated the rewarming of a local cold injury in a patient's hand and fingers. On scene the patient had no sensation in his hand or fingers. Which of the following statements is a cause of concern when made by the patient?
c. "I still can’t feel my fingers when I rub them with my other hand."
55
The continued drop in core body temperature after removal from exposure to the cold is known as:
a. afterdrop.
56
To prevent a continued drop in core body temperature after treatment for hypothermia has begun, the patient should:
d. remain quiet and in a supine position.
57
It has taken you 45 minutes to extricate an avalanche victim. Based on your knowledge of hypothermia and avalanche victims, you know that:
b. the threat of severe hypothermia is greater after extrication than before extrication.
58
A patient who has diabetes and is unresponsive after being in cold temperatures for several hours has ________ hypothermia.
a. secondary
59
Which of the following statements concerning immersion hypothermia is false?
b. Death will occur within a few minutes.
60
A patient with moderate hypothermia will have a:
b. slow pulse and/or slow respirations.
61
Which of the following findings is not a sign of severe hypothermia?
c. A palpable radial pulse
62
You are with a candidate OEC Technician who is attending to snowboarder who has fallen. The candidate is very concerned that the snowboarder is shivering vigorously and asks you what this indicates. Which of the following statements would be your best response?
a. Shivering is a sign of mild hypothermia.
63
The major cause of death in avalanche victims is:
c. asphyxiation.
64
A person is in a hot environment, and his body is trying to compensate. He is beginning to exhibit signs of heat exhaustion. Which of the following signs/symptoms would you expect to see?
b. Warm and very sweaty skin, elevated body temperature, headache
65
Which of the following processes is the body’s most important cooling mechanism?
d. Evaporation
66
You are at a football practice on a very hot summer day. A young player is panting and lying under a tree. His skin is flushed, and his teammates are continually wiping the sweat off his face, arms, and chest with towels and offering him fluids to drink. Which of the following statements is most appropriate for this situation?
c. “It’s OK for him to sweat. It is helping his body cool down.”
67
You recognize that heat cramps are the probable cause of a patient’s problem when the patient makes which of the following statements?
c. “I have pain in my belly and legs.”
68
At an in-service, your medical director asks if anyone can tell her the cause of heat cramps. Which of the following responses would be most appropriate?
b. They are caused when a patient’s electrolytes have been lost and he becomes dehydrated.
69
An OEC Technician indicates that he understands the danger of heat stroke when he makes which of the following statements?
a. “In heat stroke, the body loses its ability to lose excess heat, causing the body’s core temperature to rise.”
70
Which of the following patients would have the highest priority for transport?
d. A 19-year-old who is lethargic, has hot dry skin, and has tachycardia
71
You are at a park with your family when you hear a call for help. There is a teenager who is “sick.” On scene you find a 16-year-old boy who is mildly confused. Friends state that they have been playing basketball for most of the morning and afternoon. The temperature is in the 90s and the humidity is high. The boy’s airway is patent and his breathing rate is elevated but adequate. His pulse is weak and rapid. Observation of his skin reveals it to be pale, cool, and moist. Which of the following would you do first for this patient?
a. Lay him in the shade in a supine position, and elevate his feet.
72
The primary assessment of a male teenager who is unresponsive and has skin that is hot, moist, and flushed reveals that his airway is open, his breathing is shallow, and his radial pulse is weak. You have placed him on high-flow oxygen. Which of the following actions should you take next?
b. Call for an ALS ambulance.
73
When cooling a patient with a possible heat stroke, which of the following findings would be of most concern to a rescuer?
d. Observing your partner giving the patient two aspirin to bring down his temperature
74
You are in the aid room with a patient who is unresponsive and has hot, dry skin. His friends state that he has been drinking and passed out in the hot sun for several hours. A patroller is ventilating the patient with a bag-valve mask attached to high-flow oxygen. Which of the following actions would be most beneficial to this patient at this time?
c. Place cold packs on the patient’s groin and armpits.
75
Your friend, who is a landscaper, tells you that he got really sunburned at work today. He describes his torso and face as being very red, and he has blisters on his back. He asks you what to do. Based on his description, your recommendation would be to:
a. apply cool compresses and consult a physician.
76
You are treating a patient with suspected heat cramps. Which of the following treatments is the usual recommended treatment?
b. Have the patient drink a mixture of ¼ to ½ teaspoon of table salt in a quart of cool water.
77
A man has been struck by lightning at a picnic. As you arrive on scene, his friend states that the patient was in cardiac arrest after the strike, but after one minute of CPR he has a heartbeat and weak respirations. The patient remains unresponsive. Which of the following actions should you take immediately?
b. Perform the jaw-thrust maneuver.
78
A group of three golfers have been struck by lightning on a golf course. Two of the golfers are responding; the third is in cardiac arrest. You are the lone witness. When deciding which patient to treat first, you should remember that:
c. in a lightning strike, patients who are apparently dead should be treated first.
79
You are teaching a basic OEC class and need to explain toxins. Which of the following statements is the best description of a toxin?
a. It is a poison made by a living creature, including plants and animals.
80
You have been doing some spring cleaning in your yard, and the next day you notice a red, itchy rash developing on your arms. Your doctor tells you that you have poison ivy. You recognize that this reaction occurs because:
c. a toxic substance came in contact with your skin.
81
You and your friends have been examining cactus plants when your friend gets stuck by one of the plant’s spines. You recognize that a cactus spine can:
b. get stuck in the skin and cause a local reaction.
82
On a camping trip with your family, your children ask if they can pick some plants for part of their wilderness dinner. Based on your OEC training, you explain to your children that they need to be careful picking wild plants and flowers, and that:
d. some plants can be very toxic, so it is best not to eat anything unless you are sure what it is.
83
Your girlfriend tells you that she has heard about a very fragrant plant that grows in the woods. She describes the plant as having bright green leaves and small white flowers. Based on your OEC knowledge of toxic plants, you believe that your girlfriend is describing:
a. lily of the valley.
84
Some plants can have very toxic effects on the body but can act medicinally when given in measured doses. Which of the following is not an example of such plants?
c. Monkshood
85
You are at a cookout with friends when one of the adults starts yelling excitedly that her 4 year old appears to have been nibbling on the azalea bush in the front yard. Based on your knowledge of this plant’s toxicity, you would say which of the following things to the parent?
d. “Ingested azaleas can be very toxic. You should have your child checked right away.”
86
A specific toxin or poisonous secretion of an animal that is usually transmitted by a bite or sting is known as:
a. venom.
87
Which of the following groups are not main groups of mushrooms?
d. Little white mushrooms
88
It’s early fall and you have been backpacking on part of the Appalachian Trail with some friends. One member of the group comes up to you holding some bright orange mushrooms and asks if you think they are safe to eat. Based on your training, you would respond with which of the following statements?
b. “Those mushrooms can cause some pretty severe abdominal upsets.”
89
Plants most commonly cause toxic reactions through which of the following routes?
c. Ingestion and topical contact
90
A spider bite that can resemble a “bull’s-eye target” is most often caused by a:
a. black widow spider.
91
The bite of which of the following spiders that are indigenous to Australia may produce significant toxicity and thus should be treated as potentially life threatening?
c. Funnel web spider
92
You will be taking a group of scouts on a weekend camping trip. You recognize that ticks are typically active at this time of year, so you want to teach the scouts about them. Which of the following statements about ticks is false?
d. Tick bites are painful, so you will know when you have been bitten.
93
Which of the following signs and symptoms is not a characteristic of a bee, wasp, or hornet sting?
a. Nausea and vomiting
94
DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide) is quite often effective as a(n):
c. repellent for mosquitoes.
95
Most reptile-related injuries are caused by:
b. snakes.
96
You are creating a Power Point presentation on rattlesnakes. Which of the following statements would not be included in your bullet points?
d. Rattlesnake attacks are typically unprovoked.
97
The phrase “red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack” is helpful in identifying which of the following kind of poisonous snakes?
a. Coral snakes
98
Attacks by which of the following creatures do not cause both soft-tissue injuries and fractures?
c. Sea turtles
99
Marine life can cause varying degrees of injury and illness. Which of the following marine creatures can cause respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse in humans?
a. Jellyfish
100
Which of the following statements regarding mammals is correct?
d. Wild dogs, wolves, and coyotes usually attack humans only when they are sick or injured.
101
You are working at the first-aid station at the local scout camp. A counselor brings in two young boys that he thinks were playing in an area where poison oak was found. Which of the following actions would not be a part of your treatment for the possible exposure to poison oak?
c. Applying a topical cream such as bacitracin to the boys’ hands and arms
102
Your neighbor has been cleaning up the wooded area around his yard and burning brush and weeds. He tells you that he is trying to rid the area of poison ivy. You recognize that his actions could:
a. cause significant respiratory problems for anyone exposed to the smoke.
103
When a young child at a neighborhood cookout cries out that he was stung by a bee on his forearm, you should:
b. apply ice to reduce the swelling and pain.
104
You are reviewing care for snake bites before your wilderness trip with friends. You note that appropriate treatment would include:
d. immobilizing the affected extremity and placing it at the level of the heart.
105
Which of the following actions is not an appropriate treatment measure for a sting by a marine creature?
c. Rubbing the affected area to remove any spines
106
When caring for someone who has been attacked by a large animal such as a moose or bear, you should assume that:
a. the potential for spinal injury exists.
107
You are working at a mountain resort and are presented with a 50-year-old woman who states that she does not feel well. From your assessment, which of the following findings would seemingly indicate that the patient is being adversely affected by the high altitude?
d. A complaint of dyspnea on exertion
108
A patient at a mountain ski resort has notable shortness of breath. She denies any past medical history and takes no medications. After applying oxygen, you realize that the key to helping this patient improve is to:
a. descend to a lower altitude.
109
You are accompanying a team of hikers up a high mountain. The next morning you are summoned to a tent and find one of the climbers confused and complaining of a headache. His airway is patent and his respirations are adequate. He has no medical history and was in good health until found ill this morning by his friend. Suspicious of high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), which of the following actions should you take?
b. Provide high-flow oxygen.
110
The height or vertical elevation above a fixed point is known as:
c. altitude.
111
As altitude increases:
b. the partial pressure of oxygen decreases.
112
The concentration of oxygen at sea level is approximately:
d. 21 percent.
113
Your family is planning a ski trip to a resort that is at about 10,000 feet of elevation. You suggest that you spend the first two nights of the trip at a hotel where the elevation is about 6,500 feet. When your children protest that they are in good shape and want to go immediately to the resort, you explain that you are concerned about altitude sickness and that:
a. “physical fitness does not necessarily prevent altitude sickness.”
114
You are teaching a class on acute mountain sickness. When one of your students asks you to explain the term acclimatization in relation to AMS, your best response would be which of the following statements?
d. “Physiologic adjustments that increase the delivery of oxygen to cells.”
115
Which of the following processes does not occur during acclimatization?
b. Dilation of pulmonary blood vessels
116
In an otherwise healthy individual, the presence of a headache and feelings of sickness at high altitude is known as:
c. acute mountain sickness.
117
The most common cause of death related to high altitude is:
a. HAPE.
118
You are with a group of hikers on the third day of an 11,000-foot mountain ascent. One of the hikers has not been feeling well for a couple of days. Today, members of the group notice that he is having difficulty getting dressed and speaking. From your training in outdoor emergency care, you recognize that these signs and symptoms are most often associated with:
d. HACE.
119
You are teaching a class to OEC candidates and explain that a pre-existing illness may be complicated by the effects of high altitude. In teaching this concept to your class, you explain that the reason for this effect is that:
b. less oxygen is available to vital organs at high altitude.
120
High-altitude pulmonary edema most commonly affects:
a. young healthy individuals.
121
Labored breathing at rest and audible chest congestion herald the development of a serious, potentially life-threatening stage of what altitude-related condition?
c. HAPE
122
The most effective method for preventing high-altitude illness is to:
a. make gradual ascents.
123
You are working at the summit of a 9,000-foot mountain. A 60-year-old woman is brought to you complaining of headache, fatigue, and shortness of breath. You prepare to do your assessment and recognize that your goal is to:
b. determine whether this is an emergent condition so that you can initiate life-saving treatment.
124
Given that 50 percent of patients with HAPE also have symptoms of AMS, it is important that you ask patients if they have had which of the following groups of signs/symptoms?
d. Fatigue, nausea, difficulty sleeping
125
What percentage of patients who have HAPE do not develop AMS first?
d. 50 percent
126
In order to assess for a key symptom of HACE, you would ask patients to:
a. walk a straight line heel to toe.
127
You have a 32-year-old male patient who just arrived at the aid room on the top of a 9,000-foot peak. You think he may be exhibiting signs of altitude sickness. You recognize that the key to a successful outcome of treatment is to:
d. recognize the patient’s signs and descend to a lower elevation.
128
Your group of climbers has reached an elevation of 8,500 feet. One of the climbers is increasingly short of breath and now has audible chest congestion. Your party has a limited supply of oxygen, which you immediately apply to the climber at 15 LPM via a nonrebreather mask. Based on your assessment that the climber has HAPE, you recognize that the next necessary treatment is:
a. a rapid descent of at least 1,500 to 3,000 feet.
129
In order to enjoy their upcoming skiing trip, your family has gathered information about risk factors for high-altitude illnesses. Contributing factors that could make altitude illness worse include:
b. a diet that is high in carbohydrates.
130
You are asked to speak to a college group that is planning a ski trip to the Alps. In order to help them plan for reducing their risks for developing altitude-related illnesses, you suggest all of the following except:
c. do a lot of heavy physical exertion early in the trip to help them acclimate.
131
The final event in the series of events in drowning is:
b. cardiac arrest.
132
The distinction between dry drowning and wet drowning involves:
a. how much fluid enters the lungs.
133
The mammalian diving reflex is most prominent in:
d. young children.
134
The two submersion injuries are:
b. drowning and near-drowning.
135
Drowning is defined as:
d. suffocation by submersion in a liquid.
136
In a water emergency, drowning asphyxia leads to:
c. relaxation of the airway.
137
Patients who die 24–72 hours after a water emergency are said to die from:
a. secondary drowning.
138
Two of the most important conditions that can complicate drowning and near-drowning are:
d. water temperature and salinity.
139
Salt water, which has a higher tonicity than body tissues, shifts fluids:
a. out of the bloodstream and into the lungs.
140
In drowning or near-drowning, pathogens such as bacteria or giardia may be aspirated, which can cause:
c. local or systemic infections.
141
Decompression sickness (DSC) or the “bends” is a(n):
d. buildup of nitrogen bubbles in the body.
142
Decompression sickness can cause:
b. severe muscle and joint pain.
143
Large nitrogen bubbles can act as a(n):
b. embolus that blocks blood flow.
144
When arterial gas embolism (AGE) occurs, the gas within the lungs:
d. expands, rupturing alveoli.
145
The cause of AGE is:
b. a rapid ascent by a diver.
146
Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas is proportional to the pressure exerted by that gas when the temperature is constant. Thus, as one descends:
b. pressure in the chest cavity increases.
147
Trauma from a dive injury that results in tissue damage within any air-filled structure of the body is called:
d. barotrauma.
148
Squeeze is a term for excessive external pressure on various parts of the body. Reverse squeeze:
a. is too much pressure from within a body compartment or organ.
149
Nitrogen narcosis is a condition that affects divers at depths greater than 100 feet. Which of the following signs and symptoms is typical of nitrogen narcosis?
b. Altered consciousness/impaired judgment
150
The structure that is most commonly injured accidentally in and around water is:
d. soft tissue.
151
The second most common injury in and around water involves:
a. the cervical or upper thoracic spine.
152
Which of the following strategies does not limit or mitigate risk in water-based activities?
d. Entering swiftly moving water accompanied by a buddy
153
Assessment of patients with water-related emergencies is not remarkably different from assessment of patients with other emergencies. In addition to BSI, OEC Technicians may:
c. need to don a personal floatation device.
154
During assessment of the water-related emergency for any submersion injury, care should be taken to:
c. protect the patient’s spine to prevent additional neurological injury.
155
For any submersion injury that is not a life-threatening water-related emergency, a complete secondary assessment is performed using:
a. DCAP-BTLS.
156
Patients with arterial gas embolism or decompression sickness should be transported by ground to a facility that:
b. has a hyperbaric chamber.
157
A patient who appears dead due to a deep cold-water drowning should be:
c. transported to a medical facility while being given CPR.
158
A patient who is conscious and breathing has been pulled from a cold stream. To decrease the patient’s loss of heat via the mechanism of conduction, OEC Technicians should immediately:
b. thoroughly dry the patient and then apply a blanket.
159
Pure water without salt is referred to as:
a. hypotonic.
160
Which of the following statements is most appropriate concerning dealing with caregivers and children during a medical emergency?
a. “I try to include caregivers in all that I do with their child so that the child and the caregivers are more comfortable.”
161
An adolescent is defined as someone who is:
c. 13–18 years old.
162
You have been called to care for a 21-month-old girl who has been bitten by a dog. Given the patient’s age, you would appropriately classify the patient as:
d. a toddler.
163
You are reviewing psychosocial development of a preschooler in your OEC class. You recognize that “preschooler” includes children who are:
b. 3–5 years old.
164
Which of the following instructions would you give an OEC Technician who is preparing to assess a stable 9-month-old boy with a rash?
c. “Have the mother hold him as you do the assessment.”
165
You are assessing a 2½-year-old child who was involved in a minor car collision. She is currently alert and oriented. While you are assessing her for possible injuries, which of the following actions would be considered most appropriate?
b. Allow the child to hold a favorite toy during the assessment.
166
You are caring for a 2-year-old girl whose mother reports that the child has been ill for two days. It is important to remember that children in this age group generally:
a. are fearful of strangers.
167
Children exhibit great bursts of energy followed by sudden profound fatigue because:
d. they have fewer energy reserves than adults.
168
You must assess the pupils of a 5-year-old boy who fell. Which of the following statements would be most appropriate for you to make before performing the assessment?
b. “I am going to use this light to look into your eyes.”
169
Which of the following behaviors would an OEC Technician recognize as uncharacteristic of a conscious and stable 2-year-old boy who fell and hurt his hand?
b. He does not cry or protest when you take him from his mother to assess him.
170
A 9-month-old boy has been stung on his tongue after sucking on a bottle that had a bee on the nipple. In comparison to the same injury in an adult, why would an OEC Technician be more concerned over this child?
c. A child’s tongue is proportionally larger, increasing the chances of airway occlusion from even minor swelling.
171
An OEC Technician asks you why you should not overextend the airway when performing a head tilt-chin lift maneuver on a pediatric patient. Which of the following replies would you make?
c. “The cartilage of the trachea is very soft and can compress if the neck is extended too far.”
172
You are assessing a 2-week-old baby who is sick. Assessment reveals that he has a fever and difficulty breathing. Which of the following additional assessment findings would be most concerning to you given the age of this patient?
d. Nasal passages that are occluded by mucus
173
You are immobilizing a 4-year-old boy on a long spine board. Which of the following actions would be appropriate when performing this intervention?
b. Place padding between the patient’s shoulders and the spine board.
174
The increased pliability of the ribs of children makes them more prone to:
a. bruising of the lung.
175
When assessing a 3-year-old child with a respiratory illness, which of the following assessment findings would be least concerning to you?
d. A respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute
176
You have been called to care for an unattended 6-year-old girl who has vomited once and is complaining of mild abdominal pain. When you are performing the physical assessment and obtaining a SAMPLE history, which of the following approaches would be considered most appropriate?
c. Allowing her to play with your stethoscope before listening to her lungs
177
Which of the following statements regarding the treatment of a pediatric patient in a prehospital setting is true?
c. If a child looks sick and is not getting better with care, assume that the child is getting worse.
178
An infant who is short of breath is alert and has adequate respirations at a rate of 54 per minute. His skin color is pink but slightly cool to the touch. When you place a pediatric mask on his face, he becomes very upset and begins to physically struggle to remove it. In this situation you would:
c. allow the mother to hold the infant and then provide blow-by oxygen therapy.
179
The most common source of burns in children is:
a. a scalding-hot liquid.
180
You are called to assist a toddler who has just had a seizure that lasted about 60 seconds. His mom reports that the child has a history of seizures. Your assessment reveals that he is now responding to painful stimuli, is breathing normally, and has a normal radial pulse. Which of the following actions would you take?
b. Place him in a recovery position and continue to assess him.
181
You have been called to assist a panicked mother who is worried about her son. When you arrive, she tells you that her 4-year-old son has been quiet all morning and napping while the rest of her children were skiing. While napping he began to “shake all over” for about 30 seconds. The child is now resting quietly and has adequate respirations. His radial pulse is strong, and his skin is very hot and moist to the touch. Based on this presentation and information, you assume that the seizure occurred secondary to:
b. a fever.
182
When assessing a 3-year-old child for possible injuries after the mother’s boyfriend said the child fell down a flight of stairs, which of the following findings would raise your suspicion that the child may be a victim of physical abuse?
d. Circumferential bruising on is apparent on the child’s arm.
183
A mother brings her 3-year-old son into the aid room. She says he has a low grade fever and seems to be having slight difficulty breathing. Which of the statements by the mother would make you think the child may have croup?
a. “Last night, he had a barking-like cough.”
184
A 4-year-old girl is sitting upright on her mother’s lap with her chin thrust forward. She looks lethargic and is drooling. Her airway is open and she appears to be breathing adequately. Her mother says she has had a fever and is complaining of a sore throat. You are very concerned that she may be developing:
c. epiglottitis.
185
Fontanelles, which are openings in the skulls of newborns that allow brain expansion, close when the child is at approximately what age?
b. 18–20 months of age
186
Which of the following statements about shaken baby syndrome is false?
a. It rarely occurs in upper-class families.
187
You are treating a 3 year old that you suspect may be the victim of child abuse. As an OEC Technician, you realize that:
d. child abuse reporting requirements vary among states.
188
You are treating a 2 year old who fell down a flight of stairs. You are concerned about a head injury and know that toddlers have a higher risk for traumatic brain injury than adults because of all of the following reasons except:
d. a toddler’s fontanelles will not close until the child reaches preschool age.
189
Your approach to caring for a pediatric patient should vary depending on the age of the patient. Which of the following statement does not indicate an important thing to remember when treating an adolescent?
b. An adolescent’s decision-making skills are as advanced as her verbal skills.
190
Your 18-month-old has had a worsening cough and fever for the last three days. Because it is winter, you originally assumed that it was just a cold. The child is now exhibiting difficulty breathing. As you are driving your child to be examined by his pediatrician, you are thinking about what could be causing these signs. Based on your OEC training, you realize that there are several possibilities, and that the signs could suggest any of the following conditions except:
c. asthma.
191
Cardiac arrest in children is most commonly caused by:
a. anoxia.
192
Among the pediatric population, poisonings most often occur in:
c. infants, because they routinely put things into their mouths.
193
You read in the newspaper about a 9-month-old child who died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). From your training, you know that this means that the infant:
d. died unexpectedly and of an undetermined cause.
194
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the use of the Pediatric Triangle to quickly determine if a child is “sick or not sick.” This method allows rescuers to quickly assess all of the following about the patient except his/her:
c. history of illness or injury.
195
While following the Pediatric Triangle of assessment, you observe an infant and note that she is paradoxically irritable. This sign is often indicative that the child is:
a. very ill.
196
You are night skiing when you are notified that a child has been involved in a collision on the intermediate trail. As you approach the scene you are thinking about your assessment and realize that the cold and low light may make assessing the child’s circulation difficult. In this situation, other options for assessing circulation include assessing all of the following except:
c. fingertip capillary refill.
197
Bilateral injuries, circumferential bruising, and pattern bruises are suggestive of:
b. child abuse.
198
You are treating a child who has a minor head laceration that is bleeding profusely. Which of the following statements would show your partner that you understand bleeding in children?
b. “Children have a smaller blood volume than adults, so this rate of bleeding is serious.”
199
When seen in a child, the “tripod” and “sniffing” positions are usually signs of:
a. respiratory distress.
200
You are assessing an infant who has been ill and has had a fever for the past two days. As you approach the infant you note that she has grunting respirations. Based on your OEC training you determine that grunting is:
b. a symptom of severe respiratory disease.
201
Which of the following conditions is not a possible cause of seizures in young children?
b. Hypothermia
202
You have been asked to deliver a talk about the geriatric population to the new OEC class. Which of the following points would you emphasize in your presentation?
b. Many elderly individuals have a combination of different diseases in various stages.
203
A new OEC Technician asks you why the elderly are at higher risk for developing pneumonia than younger individuals. You inform him that the elderly are more susceptible to respiratory infections because of:
c. a reduced cough reflex.
204
he son of an 88-year-old patient states that he told his mother to increase the amount of an antibiotic she was taking so she would "feel better faster.” This represents a problem because the elderly have:
c. decreased liver and kidney function.
205
Which of the following statements shows that an OEC Technician has an accurate understanding of vital signs in relation to geriatric patients?
d. “Respiratory capacity is greatly reduced in geriatric patients."
206
Some elderly patients have osteoporosis, a condition that results in:
a. decreased bone density.
207
An elderly woman has fallen down three steps and is complaining of back pain. After you perform a primary assessment, which of the following questions should you ask to illicit the next important piece of information?
a. "Did you become dizzy before you fell?"
208
Family members tell you that three hours ago their 76-year-old mother suddenly became confused and had great difficulty speaking. However, within 15 minutes she returned to normal. Based on this description, an OEC Technician should be suspicious of:
d. a transient ischemic attack.
209
Which of the following statements about traumatic injuries in the elderly is true?
d. Injuries are most commonly caused by falls.
210
Which of the following statements concerning insulin pumps is false?
b. They are implanted in the patient’s chest.
211
Which of the following strategies is best for OEC Technicians for communicating with a geriatric patient who has diminished eyesight?
Stand in front of the patient and talk calmly.
212
A hearing-impaired patient wearing a hearing aid is having a great deal of difficulty hearing your questions. Which of the following actions should you take first?
a.. Ensure that their hearing aid is turned on.
213
Which of the following conditions is associated with pulmonary embolism?
d. Hypoxia
214
A 77-year-old man got out of bed, became dizzy, and fell onto the floor, hitting the right side of his face. You find him sitting on the floor with his wife next to him. His wife states that he did not lose responsiveness and that this has happened several times over the past few days, ever since the doctor put him on a new blood pressure medication. Presently, the patient is alert and oriented and complaining of dizziness and a headache. He has a history of coronary artery disease, emphysema, and hypertension. Which of the following actions should you take first?
b. Establish manual in-line spinal stabilization.
215
You have been called by the caregiver of a 91-year-old woman with dementia. The patient is complaining of a possible fracture to her upper left arm. As you talk to the caregiver and note various bruises on the patient’s body, you become suspicious of elder abuse. Which of the following actions is most appropriate at this time?
d. Treat the patient for a possible broken arm.
216
You and your partner respond to the lodge to aid an elderly woman who is not feeling well. When you perform a secondary assessment:
d. only one of you should ask the patient questions to avoid confusion.
217
When communicating with a geriatric patient, OEC Technicians should:
a. use layman’s terms.
218
An effective way to interview a geriatric patient is to:
b. use active listening skills.
219
A geriatric patient’s cardiovascular response to stress, illness, and injury is different than that of younger patients. Which of the following statements is false?
b .The volume of blood in the body decreases in geriatric patients.
220
The lung capacity in a healthy 90-year-old patient is ________ that of a 30-year-old patient.
d. half of
221
By age 85, the brain of a typical geriatric patient can shrink by as much as 10 percent due to:
b. a decrease in brain cell numbers.
222
In a typical geriatric patient, a reduction in cerebral blood flow can:
a. reduce the amount of glucose and oxygen that reaches the brain.
223
For many geriatric patients, food is less appealing because:
c. their sense of smell is reduced and they have fewer taste buds.
224
You have been called to an unknown medical emergency. On scene you are presented with an 84-year-old patient who is confused and does not obey commands. Which of the following action would be most useful in determining the patient's normal mental status?
b. Question the patient’s family members.
225
In geriatric patients, strokes can be caused by a blockage or by:
c. a rupture of a cerebral blood vessel.
226
Over 60 percent of abdominal pain problems in geriatric patients require:
c. surgical intervention.
227
Many elderly patients participate in a practice called “polypharmacy,” which is the:
b. simultaneous taking of multiple medications.
228
To identify all the drugs, prescriptions, herbal supplements, and over-the-counter drugs that a patient may be taking in combination, OEC Technicians should use:
a. SAMPLE.
229
The class of medications that is most commonly prescribed to elderly patients is:
d. cardiovascular medications.
230
One group of drugs prescribed for geriatric patients is beta-blockers. This type of drug:
a. manages cardiac arrhythmias.
231
Geriatric patients may also have a prescription for a diuretic such as HCTZ or Lasix. The role of this type of drug is to:
c. decrease the volume of fluid circulating in the cardiovascular system.
232
Compared to younger patients, trauma in geriatric patients results in:
b. a higher mortality rate.
233
Falls result in ____ percent of all deaths in the geriatric population.
b. 12
234
Which of the following conditions must OEC Technicians consider when evaluating hypotensive geriatric patients with altered mental status who show no signs of external bleeding, chest injury, or abdominal trauma?
a. A hip or pelvic fracture
235
Compared to younger individuals, geriatric patients who fall have a higher incidence of fractures to the _____ region of the spine.
d. C1–C2
236
Because many elderly patients will not offer their medical history unless specifically asked to do so, OEC Technicians may have to:
b. ask open-ended questions.
237
When taking the pulse of an elderly patient, it is recommended that OEC Technicians:
c. take the radial pulse on both arms and compare the two rates.
238
Correcting a life-threatening condition such as external bleeding in elderly patients can be more problematic because:
d. many elder patients are taking warfarin or other blood thinners.
239
The vital signs of elderly patients with excessive internal or external bleeding may not provide an indication of shock:
a. if these patients are taking beta-blockers or calcium-channel blockers.
240
An advance directive is a:
d. legal document that provides medical direction for life-saving efforts.
241
Which of the following statements about a disability is false?
b. People with a disability prefer to be called handicapped.
242
You are assessing a 12-year-old boy who was injured while running. The patient’s mother tells you that her son has Down syndrome. Based on your training, which of the following statements concerning a Down syndrome athlete is true?
b. They have physical and intellectual disabilities that vary widely from one individual to another.
243
Attention deficit disorder and autism are examples of:
c. intellectual disabilities.
244
It is a sunny March day and you are volunteering at a Special Olympics skiing event at your mountain. You respond to a call to aid an 8 year old who fell and hurt his knee. When you arrive the adult with the child provides a brief history. In addition to explaining how the fall occurred, she tells you that the child has attention-deficit disorder (ADD). Based on your OEC training, which of the following things would you not expect?
b. The child has a below normal intelligence.
245
Spring is finally here, and your friend is helping you open up your summer cabin at the lake. At lunch that day, your friend tells you that his son, who is down at the lakeshore playing with your children, was recently diagnosed with autism. You are concerned about the child’s autism because:
d. drowning is the leading cause of death for people with autism spectrum disorders.
246
A group of ski patrollers have invited you to join their team on a bike ride to raise money for multiple sclerosis (MS) research. You recall learning about MS in your OEC class, but you ask your friend to remind you of some of the key features of this condition. Which of the following statements made by your friend would be most accurate?
c. “MS is a progressive disease that causes degeneration of both central and peripheral nerves.”
247
You are assisting a 29-year-old paraplegic skier who lost control of his sit ski and hit a tree. Even though there are no obvious signs of injury, the patient suddenly starts to feel panicky, and you become concerned about autonomic dysreflexia. Other signs/symptoms that would support this assessment include all of the following except:
a. hypotension.
248
A 29-year-old woman with cerebral palsy has fallen and suffered a boot-top fracture of her right leg. When you examine her she tells you that the spasticity in that leg is much worse than usual. Treatment in this situation may best be accomplished by:
b. stabilizing the leg in a position of comfort.
249
You are working with a new group of ski patrollers and instructing them on sit-skis. Which of the following statements about sit-skis is correct?
c. “To turn a sit-ski, the skier moves his head, shoulders, or outriggers.”
250
It’s 2 pm on Saturday, and you’re out for a bike ride with friends. About halfway down a small hill, you see an adult and a child at the side of the road. It appears that the child may have fallen. As you approach, you ask if you can help, to which you hear a mom’s thankful “yes.” The child, who is about 8 years old, is sitting quietly and does not respond when you say “hi.” The mother explains that her son has atypical autism. Based on this information, which of the following techniques might you use to complete your assessment?
c. Give the child simple, one-step directions.
251
You are assisting a 32-year-old woman whose right leg has been amputated below the knee. She is complaining of severe pain in her right thigh. You note that the knee is flexed and that there is some deformity in the middle of the femur. Your partner hands you a HARE traction splint. Which of the following statements would be your best response to your partner?
b. “Let’s use a Quick Splint instead.”
252
It is a cold, snowy Saturday afternoon, and unfortunately the chair lift has broken and a lift evacuation is required. You know that there is an adaptive skier group somewhere on the lift. As you prioritize the lift evacuation, you recognize that:
a. athletes with mobility problems are at increased risk of cold-exposure injuries.
253
You are assessing a paraplegic patient who collided with a tree while going down an intermediate trail in her sit-ski. Which of the following statements is not correct concerning the care of adaptive athletes with spinal cord injuries?
a. Autonomic dysreflexia always accompanies trauma below the level of the spinal cord injury.
254
When caring for a patient with dyslexia, it is important to remember that:
b. the patient may have difficulty processing new information.
255
You are teaching a class on adaptive athletes and are asked to discuss Asperger’s syndrome. Which of the following statements is an appropriate response?
“Asperger’s syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder in which the person may be fearful in unfamiliar environments.”
256
Which of the following statements should not be taken into consideration when assessing a patient with a cognitive disability?
c. Patients with cognitive disabilities usually do not have problems with coordination.
257
When caring for patients with life-long intellectual disabilities:
b. include their caretakers in the assessment because they can help with communication.
258
Cerebral palsy patients typically have some impairment of voluntary motor function and coordination. This condition can present in one of three patterns. Which of the following statements does not describe one of those patterns?
d. Flaccid muscles in one or more extremity
259
A surgically created port used to drain the urinary system into the anterior abdomen or near the kidneys is known as a(n):
a. urostomy.
260
One of the skiers in a group of adaptive athletes has spina bifida. If you needed to care for this patient, it is important to remember that:
b. they may be allergic to natural latex, so contact with latex can result in anaphylactic shock.
261
You are caring for a hearing-impaired athlete and realize that in order to communicate, you:
d. should face the person because most hearing-impaired individuals can read lips.
262
The four major groups of adaptive alpine skiers are:
c. sit-down skiers, three-track and four-track skiers, blind guided skiers, and two-track skiers.
263
The superior and inferior boundaries of the abdominal cavity are:
The diaphragm and the pelvic brim.
264
You are assessing a normally healthy 29-year-old patient who is complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient's vital signs are indicating that the patient is growing shock-y. Which piece of SAMPLE information would cause you the greatest concern?
The patient took a hard fall while skiing 2 days ago and landed on his chest and abdomen.
265
Which of the following statements about internal abdominal injuries is true?
Blunt trauma tends to cause injury to solid organs, while penetrating trauma tends to injure hollow organs.
266
A patient was blindsided and struck from the side by a snowboarder who left the scene. The patient is rapidly developing shock signs and symptoms and is complaining of left shoulder pain but you do not find any indication of shoulder injury. This is most likely due to a:
Ruptured spleen.
267
The bones that protect the organs of the pelvic cavity include the:
Ilium, ischium, and pubis symphisis.
268
The most common cause of vascular injury (i.e., aortal or vena cava rupture) within the abdominal cavity is most often caused by:
Deceleration trauma.
269
Frostbite damages tissue by:
Intercellular ice crystals, dehydration, and cellular chemical imbalance.
270
All of the following statements about cold water immersion deaths are true EXCEPT:
Immersion hypothermia is a rapid process that usually occurs in under 10 minutes.
271
Which of the following processes best describes the emission of infrared heat?
Radiation
272
Which of the following patients is losing body heat by the mechanism of convection?
A 30-year-old male exposed to a light breeze in a cold environment
273
The pulse rate for a hypothermic patient should initially be checked for:
10 seconds.
274
Prevention of heat loss in the care of a patient with a cold injury should include:
Carefully removing wet clothing
275
All of the following statements regarding thermoregulation are true EXCEPT:
Shivering is an ineffective means of heat production and is generally more harmful than beneficial to the body.
276
The two chief factors that predispose an individual to cold injury are:
Age and alcohol.
277
The signs of heat exhaustion are:
Warm and very sweaty skin, elevated body temperature, headache
278
Which statement is correct? Adaptation to heat vs. cold
The body can physiologically adapt better to heat than cold.
279
A climber has been struck by lightning and is found pulseless and breathless. Which statement about his care is correct?
CPR is generally helpful for lightning strike victims, although rescue breathing may need to continue beyond compressions.
280
The usual sequence of heat injury from least to most severe is:
Cramps, exhaustion, stroke.
281
The heat index table is based on what?
The ambient air temperature in a higher-humidity environment and the concurrent health risk
282
A patient grows nauseated and restless, begins to sigh, and yawns. These are warning signs of what impending condition?
Heat-related syncope
283
Multiple climbers were struck by the lightning, but everyone else is only suffering from burns or blindness. Per protocol, the pulseless, breathless patient should be:
Treated first.
284
Camp, which consists of cottonwood trees, a cold running creek, and plenty of shade, is just 20 more minutes up the trail. Your best course of action for this patient is to:
Stop immediately, hydrate her, create shade from clothing or a tarp, cool her actively with water, and fan her skin. Do not proceed to camp until she recovers.
285
Which statement is correct regarding adapting to a hot environment versus a cold one?
Adaption to heat depends largely on physiologic acclimatization and less on modifications in behavior.
286
Jack-O-lantern mushrooms are most likely to cause:
Violent GI effects that are rarely fatal.
287
A jellyfish sting can NOT be treated with:
Baking soda.
288
Ingested plants almost never cause:
Kidney failure.
289
Which of the following mushrooms are least likely to cause death?
Green-spored Lepiota
290
You and your friends have been examining cactus plants when your friend gets stuck by one of the plant's spines. You recognize that a cactus spine can:
get stuck in the skin and cause pain and redness in the affected area
291
Which of the following diseases is transmitted by mosquitoes?
Dengue fever
292
Autumn crocus, lily of the valley, yew, foxglove, and belladonna can all cause:
Cardiogenic effects.
293
A specific toxin or poisonous secretion of an animal that is usually transmitted by a bite or sting is known as:
Venom
294
Which is the most effective treatment for altitude illness?
Descent
295
Which of the following is NOT a factor at high altitude that can cause altitude illness?
Reduced atmospheric humidity
296
Which of these conditions at altitude should be presumed due to HACE?
Unsteadiness or inability to maintain one's balance (ataxia)
297
You are working at a mountain resort and are presented with a 50-year-old woman who states that she does not feel well. From your assessment, which of the following findings would seemingly indicate that the patient is being adversely affected by the high altitude?
A complaint of feeling short of breath on exertion
298
Which of the following processes does not occur during acclimatization?
Dilation of pulmonary blood vessels
299
Which of the following does NOT affect risk of altitude illness?
Family history
300
The difference between a 'dry' versus a 'wet' drowning includes which of the following?
Laryngospasm, which seals the airway, versus inhalation of fluid into the lungs
301
A teenager suffered what appeared to be a dry drowning and was successfully resuscitated. He appears to be fine. The next best course of action would be to:
Arrange for immediate transport to the nearest medical facility for follow-up care and observation.
302
Drowning is best defined as:
Suffocation by submersion in liquid, resulting in death within 24 hours following removal from the liquid.
303
Barotrauma is best defined as:
Tissue damage within any of the air-filled structures of the body.
304
What is the "mammalian diving reflex"?
A protective response during which the blood vessels constrict, blood is shunted to the heart and brain, and the metabolic and heart rate slow considerably
305
A diver returns to the beach and you notice that the sclera of his eyes are bright red and bloodshot. This is due to:
Mask reverse squeeze.
306
A diver is exhibiting impaired judgment, irrational berhavior, and altered levels of consciousness. This is most likely symptomatic of:
Nitrogen narcosis or "rapture of the deep."
307
The mammalian diving reflex is most prominent among which segment of the population?
Pediatric
308
Boyle's law explains which complication of diving?
Ruptured lungs
309
OECTs should be familiar with the varying aspects of child growth and development for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Your OEC instructors are sadists.
310
When assessing a child's breathing, the most important information to determine is:
Whether or not air is moving well.
311
The best method of assessing a 2-year-old includes:
Having the parent hold and distract the child during examination.
312
A child's head is proportionally larger and heavier than an adult's, which can cause which of the following problems?
Greater heat loss, greater risk of head injury, and greater risk for airway management with a spine-boarded patient.
313
Which statement about children and cardiac arrest is correct?
Children generally have very strong cardiovascular systems; cardiac arrest is usually precipitated by respiratory arrest and exhaustion.
314
Which statement regarding pediatric patients is correct?
There are inherent differences in intellectual capacity, size, proportion, and metabolism that make pediatric patients unique.
315
All of the following concerning hypovolemic shock in children are true EXCEPT:
Hypovelmia in children can only be caused by direct blood loss and not indirect fluid loss such as through vomiting or diarrhea.
316
The most appropriate method to get a 6-year-old child to cooperate with treatment would be to
Ask the child if he or she would prefer you or your partner to splint the arm.
317
The number one cause of death in children is:
Trauma.
318
You suspect that a child you are examining may be the victim of abuse by the parent. Your best course of action is to:
Alert law enforcement or child protection authorities.
319
A newborn's ability to breathe is unique in what way?
A newborn breathes only through the nose.
320
Which of the following pediatric trauma patients should cause rescuers the most concern?
The 5-year-old who is lying quietly and whimpering
321
The most important physiologic difference(s) between an adult and pediatric patient that an OECT needs to keep in mind is:
The size of the airway and the mechanism of breathing.
322
A child's tongue is proportionally larger and more bulbous in relation to the oral cavity until about what age?
8
323
Which statement about blunt chest trauma and children is true?
A child's ribs are less likely to fracture than an adult's but can generate force inward and cause internal injuries.
324
Which statement about seniors' neurologic, cardiovascular, and/or respiratory systems is true?
The brain and peripheral nerves are less effective at transmitting data, the ventricular walls are stiffer and less efficient at pumping blood, and the lungs are less elastic with less vital capacity.
325
The son of an 88-year-old patient states that he told his mother to increase the amount of an antibiotic she was taking so she would "feel better faster." This represents a problem because the elderly have:
Decreased liver and kidney function
326
A 68-year-old patient takes a channel blocker, warfarin, and Lopressor. What affect could these medications be likely to have on this patient's pulse and blood pressure?
Normal blood pressure and bradycardia
327
A 74-year-old skier falls hard, landing belly first on compact snow. He tells you he thinks he is fine; that his 'belly hurts a little,' but he thinks he can just ski that off. His pulse is 64, respirations 24, and BP is 116/80. He tells you he takes Coumadin and a beta blocker. Your best course of action is to:
Maintain a high index of suspicion and urge him to seek immediate medical care for follow up and assessment.
328
Which statement concerning the physiology of a senior's body is true?
It is inherently different than that of a younger individual.
329
An elderly woman has fallen down three steps and is complaining of back pain. After you perform a primary assessment, which of the following questions should you ask to illicit the next important piece of information?
"Did you become dizzy before you fell?"
330
All but which of the following may make assessment and care of an elderly patient difficult?
Seniors' knowledge or beliefs are generally outdated and their ability to process cognitive information reduces their level of understanding and intelligence.
331
A paraplegic mono-skier has collided with a lift tower and suffered an obvious femur fracture. Which of the following statements regarding this patient is true?
The patient is at high risk of developing autonomic dysreflexia
332
A patient with cognitive and verbal disabilities grows increasingly frustrated and angry during your assessment. The most likely cause for this is that:
The patient is frustrated over her inability to communicate with you.
333
A patient with Down Syndrome falls hard while ice-skating. During your assessment of her she becomes angry and combative. This is most likely due to:
A traumatic brain injury (TBI).
334
Autonomic dysreflexia can be caused by all but which of the following in a paraplegic skier?
The pain of a lower extremity fracture
335
You are assisting a 29-year-old spinal injury paraplegic skier who lost control of his sit ski and hit a tree. Even though there are no obvious signs of injury, the patient suddenly starts to feel panicky, and you become concerned about autonomic dysreflexia. Other signs/symptoms that would support this assessment include all of the following except:
Hypotension
336
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Mental retardation is an acceptable term for individuals with intellectual disabilities.
337
A patient suffering from ASD is most likely to die from which type of accident?
Drowning
338
A patient presents with weakness, inability to keep up with her hiking group, headache, confusion, nausea, slightly elevated body temperature, cool skin and is sweating profusely. This patient is most likely suffering from:
Heat Exhaustion
339
You have stopped a male skier and a female skier who were racing down a closed trail. Initially, the man was calm, but suddenly he becomes angered and says that "you can't tell me what to do." When you try to talk with him, he pulls out a knife and tells you to "get away or I'll kill you." The female skier is frightened and states that her friend sometimes gets very aggressive when he drinks. You put in a call for security and additional staff, but you know it will be a few minutes before they arrive. Which of the following statements describes your best course of action in the interim?
Remain a safe distance from the man and let him know you are there to help
340
The two most common causes of altered mental state are:
Hypoxia and hypoglycemia.
341
The mother of a missing 5-year-old becomes hysterical. She screams at you and berates you for not doing more to find her child, then threatens you with everything from bodily harm to a lawsuit if you do not find her child. This behavior is considered to be:
A strong but understandable response, given the situation
