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Microbiology - Portage Learning > Test 6 > Flashcards

Test 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

True or False. Because the genome is contained within an enclosed space (much like the nucleus of a cell), viruses are classified as eukaryotic. Why?

A

False, viruses are neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic

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2
Q

Describe the two basic components of a virus.

A

1) Virus has genome material made of either DNA or RNA
2) Viruses have capsid structure containing genetic material, similar to a nucleus in eukaryotic cell`

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3
Q

The envelope surrounds the _________ of some viruses.

A

Capsid

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4
Q

True or False. You would expect to see a viral envelope on a virus infecting a bacterial cell. Why?

A

False, most animal viruses are enveloped, majority of plant or bacterial viruses are not

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5
Q

Rank the following viruses based on their size from largest to smallest:

Orthomyxovirus
Poliovirus
Variolavirus

A

Variolavirus (200nm)
Orthomyoxovirus (100-150nm)
Poliovirus (30nm)

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6
Q

True or False: Viral replication occurs after it a!aches and enters the host cell. Why?

A

True, Viral genome is never replicated before attachment and entry

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7
Q

Place the following viral life cycle steps in order beginning with viral attachment and provide a description of each step.

Uncoaitng
Release
Replication
Attachment
Entry:
New infection

A

Attachment
Entry
Uncoating
Replication
New infection
Release

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8
Q

What happens during attachment?

A

virus first needs to attach to the host cell

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9
Q

What happens during entry?

A

Virus must quickly push through and enter the cell

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10
Q

What happens during uncoating?

A

Capsid breaks apart while it enters the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What happens during replication

A

Viral genome goes through a process and produces new viral proteins

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12
Q

What happens during new infection

A

New viruses are put together

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13
Q

What happens during release?

A

New viruses are released

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14
Q

A virus that infects bacteria is called a [answer1] and contains a [answer2] -sided polygon capsid.

A

1 Bacteriophage
2 20

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15
Q

True or False. Structurally, bacteriophages are similar to viruses that infect animals.Why?

A

False, bacteriophages have a distinct composition and structure

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16
Q
A
  1. Icosahedral Capsid Head
  2. Collar
  3. Helical Tail
  4. Base Plate
  5. Tail Fibers
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17
Q

Describe the main differences between lytic and temperate phages.

A

Lytic bacteriophages can replicate within the host bacteria until it breaks apart, whereas temporate (or lysogenic) phages exist in non-replicative state that does not kill the cell.

Lytic replicate ALL viral proteins needed to create new viruses, lysogenic/temperate integrate into host genome but not production of viral proteins is stalled.

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18
Q

Based on the following image, would you expect the viral titer to be high or low? Why?

A

The cloudiness indicates the amount of the virus in the container will be low because as the lytic cycle continues more bacterial cells will be destroyed

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19
Q

Can measles, mumps and rubella be shared via airborne particles?

A

Yes

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20
Q

True or False. A patient infected with rubella is considered infectious one week before and after the appearance of the trademark rash.

A

True

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21
Q

A patient diagnosed with German measles may additionally experience what disease?

A

conjunctivitis
influenza-like symptoms
cough
red blotchy skin

22
Q

What diseases does a single-stranded RNA virus cause?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

23
Q

What disease displays as a secondary characteristic swelling of the testes/ovaries and pancreas?

A

Mumps, patient will have primary swelling in parotid/salivary glands

24
Q

You go to visit a friend who has chickenpox. While visiting what are 2 things you will be sure to avoid so that you don’t also become infected?

A

1) Avoid direct contact with person - skin and respiratory droplets
2) Avoid direct contact with blisters

25
Q

True or False. The development of shingles is most o#en seen in an older adult population (> 60 years old).

A

True, VRZ reactivation and shingle diagnosis occurs around age 60

26
Q

True or False. Unlike chickenpox, the blisters that appear with shingles are localized and limited to small areas.

A

True, chickenpox will cover most of the body, shingles is localized to small areas

27
Q

A person who has neither previously had chickenpox nor been administered the VZV vaccine is exposed to someone with an active VZV (shingles) outbreak and becomes infected. Explain why (or why not) the person will only develop shingles.

A

The person will develop chicken pox, not shingles, because unvaccinated and unexposed individuals must first develop chickenpox, as shingles is the reactivation of the dominant VRZ virus from a chickenpox infection

28
Q

What linear, double-stranded, enveloped DNA virus is the first virus (as of Oct. 26, 1977) to be officially declared eradicated?

A

Smallpox/Variola Virus

29
Q

What small (~30nm) single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus targets the CNS (central nervous system), causing potentially catastrophic damage to motor neurons?

A

Polio

30
Q

Describe the main underlining differences between the Salk and Sabin polio vaccine.

A

Salk vaccine contains inactivated virus form that’s injected

Sabin contains live attenuated form and administered orally

31
Q

Which subtype of Influenza is the most virulent?

A

Influenza A

32
Q

A drug company is trying to develop a new drug that will inhibit the release of newly produced viral particles. Would the drug company target hemagglutinin proteins or neuraminidase proteins? Why Why?

A

Neuraminidase, they are directly involved in budding and release of new viral particles, hemagglutinin are directly involved in viral attachment and entry into a host

33
Q

Explain why the flu shot given each year may not be 100% effective at preventing the flu?

A

There are too many variants of the flu and we cannot vaccinate against all subtypes. Medical researchers must predict and then distribute based on trends.

34
Q

True or False. The viral capsid of HIV is cone shaped and contains ~2,000 copies of the viral protein p24.

A

True

35
Q

The HIV surface glycoprotein gp41 binds what host cellular receptor?

A

CXCR4

36
Q

An individual infected with HIV is placed on an”-retroviral medication. What is the general purpose of this medication?

A

The medication inhibits the lifecycle of the retrovirus and blocks production of new particles. If not treated, the lifecycle will progress and become AIDS.

37
Q

How is turbitiy measured?

A
38
Q

What is an obligate intracellular parasite?

A

Cannot replicate unless in a living host cell

Parasites and Viruses depend on living host to provide framework to replicate and make additional copies

39
Q

What is the viral envelope, and what does the presence (or absence) of it tell you about the type of virus?

A

Envelope surrounds the viral capsid and is derived from host cell membrane and serves as additional membrane to external envrionment. Most animal viruses are enveloped whereas the majority of plant or bacteria infecting viruses do not.

40
Q

What type of microscope would be used to study the shape of a viral capsid?

A

Electron microscopy

41
Q

How does the viral envelope both aid in cell entry as well as hide it from being detected by the immune system?

A

Viral envelope contains necessary proteins required for interaction with host cell. Since it’s dervied from the host cell membrane, this camoflauges the virus and lowers the likelihood of immune dection because it’s similar to the normal biological host cell.

42
Q

What must happen before viral replication of its genome can occur?

A

attachment + entry must occur before replication

43
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A bacteriophage is simply a virus (phage) that infects bacteria

44
Q

What structural aspects make bacteriophages distinct from viruses that infect either animals or plants?

A

Bacterophage have icosahedral capsid head group and helical tail. Attached to the tail are legs that aid in binding host cells. This configurement has not been observed among viruses that infect animals or plants

45
Q

Which viral replicative process results in the destruction of the host cell?

A

Lytic replication cycle occurs when bacteriophaage replicates within host until it ruptures.

46
Q

Describe the appearance of a bacterial culture infected with virus at the time of infection versus later once viral replication is occurring at a high rate.

A

During initial inoculation of virus and bacteria, media has high degree of turbity/cloudiness. But as lytic cycle progresses and more and more bacterial cells are destroyed, culture media turns from turbid to clear, bacterial cell numbers decrease due to cell lysis.

47
Q

To what family of viruses does rubella come from and how is it transmitted?

A

Togaviridae

48
Q

What is the common name for rubeola, and is it a DNA or RNA virus?

A

Measles

Family of viruses is Paramyoxovirus

RNA

49
Q

What linear, double-stranded, enveloped DNA virus is the first virus (as of October 26, 1977) to be declared eradicated?

A

Smallpox

50
Q

What are the two key glycoproteins found in the influenza virus?

A

HA

N

51
Q

What are Hemagglutinins? And neuraminidase?

A

Hemagglutinins - heavily involve din entry of viral particle into host cell

Neuraminidase - Involved in budding and release of new viral particles from host cell

52
Q

Describe the composition of HIV.

A

2 single-stranded RNA enclosed by capsid

2000 copies of viral protein p24

Viral capsid containing 2 glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41)

Microbiology - Portage Learning (7 decks)

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