Test 2 -

Question 1

True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order in order to maintain life.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What is a cofactor? And give a general example.

Answer 3

Small chemical that assists an enzyme during the catalysis reactions. Usually a metal ion.

Question 4

Define catabolism.

Answer 4

Process of breaking down bigger molecules into smaller, useful energy sources.

Question 5

In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active?

Answer 5

Catabolism

Proteins are made up of amino acids, therefore catabolism would be needed to break up the proteins into amino acids.

Question 6

Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP

Answer 6

ATP donates its energy to ADP who accepts the energy int the form of a phosphate group. ATP can be reduxed to ATP -> ADP + PI and ADP can be transformed into ATP by ADP+ Pi –> ATP

Question 7

An organism that derives its energy (Generates ATP) from photons of light is called a….?

Answer 7

Phototroph

Question 8

An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur would be classified as a …..?

Answer 8

Lithotroph

Question 9

This phosphorylation process occurs in the mitochondria of chemotrophic eukaryotes.

Answer 9

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions?

Answer 10

1) Glycolysis
2) Fermentation/Respiration
3) Electron Transport Chain

Question 11

What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose?

Answer 11

The last step in the process, electron transport chain yields 34 ATP, while glycolysis and fermentation only yield 2 ATP

Question 12

Identify the products of the following chemical equation:

Glucose + 2NAD+ –> 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP

Answer 12

Products are always to the right of the arrow:

2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP

Question 13

The presence of what molecule signals to the cell that glycolysis is about to start?

Answer 13

Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 14

True/False: In the absence of oxygen fermentation produces. 2 ATP

Answer 14

False, fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+

Question 15

What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle?

Answer 15

FADH2
NADH

Known as reduced electron carriers

Question 16

T/F: The products of the TCA cycle enter an fuel the electron transport system

Answer 16

True

Question 17

In the absence of glucose, which of the following cannot be used as alternative energy sources? Select all that apply.

Answer 17

Nucleic Acids

Question 18

For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes are used?

Answer 18

Lipases

Proteases

Question 19

T/F: The B-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Describe the relationship between chloroplasts and chlorophyll.

Answer 20

Chloroplasts and chlorophyl are involved in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are a double-membrane that contain chlorophyl, the photosynthetic pigment

Question 21

Who have chloroplasts?

Answer 21

Plants and algae

Question 22

True/False: Plants, algae and bacteria all contain chloroplasts?

Answer 22

False

Question 23

The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following reactants?

Answer 23

NADPH
CO2
H20
ATP

Question 24

In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where?

Answer 24

Always occurs in the membrane

Question 25

T/F: The Calvin cycle must occur in the absence of light

Answer 25

False

Question 26

How many turns of the calvin cycle are required to generate one molecule of glucose?

Answer 26

6

Question 27

Complete the following equation by placing the appropriate numbers where indicated. _CO2 + __ATP + __NADPH + __H20 a C6H12O6 + __ADP + __NADP+

Answer 27

``` 6 CO2 18 ATP 12 NADPH 12 H20... 18 ADP 12 NADP+ ```

Question 28

What is cellular metabolism?

Answer 28

Controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.

Question 29

What is the primary function of enzymes and how are they regulated?

Answer 29

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and are regulated by cofactors

Question 30

Are enzymes consumed during reactions?

Answer 30

No, they can be used repeatedly

Question 31

If the proper cofactor is absent, what happens to the enzyme?

Answer 31

Enzyme becomes inactive

Question 32

What is anabolism?

Answer 32

Building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complex ones. Associated with growth and repair

Question 33

What are chemotrophs?

Answer 33

Acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment Divided into organotrophs or lithotrophs

Question 34

What is an organotroph?

Answer 34

Removing electrons from organic molecules like glucose

Question 35

What is a lithotroph?

Answer 35

Remove electrons from inorganic molecules

Question 36

Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation?

Answer 36

Chemotrophs utilize oxidative phosphorylation, but also substrate level phosphorylation

Question 37

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 37

Utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP

Question 38

How much ATP do the following produce? 1. Glycolysis 2. Fermentation/Respiration 3. Electron Transport Chain

Answer 38

1) 2 ATP 2) 2 ATP 3) 34 ATP

Question 39

What are the reactants of glycolysis?

Answer 39

Glucose, NAD+ and ATP

Question 40

What are reactants?

Answer 40

Any molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction

Question 41

What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+, and when these strategies be utilized?

Answer 41

Fermentation and Respiration help vonvert NADH back to NAD+

Question 42

When does fermentation occur? What about respiration? Which one is more efficient?

Answer 42

In the absence of oxygen In the presence of oxygen Respiration is more efficient

Question 43

How are the TCA and ETC related?

Answer 43

The products of the TCA/Kreb's cycle fuel the electron transport chain and ultimately creates ATP when ATP synthase is activated

Question 44

In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)?

Answer 44

No, all that's needed is additional steps at beginning of catabolism to convert fructose and lactose into usable energy like glucose or glucose-6-phosphate

Question 45

Proteases are used to catabolize what?

Answer 45

proteins

Question 46

What do lipases catalyze?

Answer 46

Lipids

Question 47

Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy?

Answer 47

Lipids, protein and carbohydrates Lipids are high in hydrogen content and yield 48 ATP

Question 48

In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where?

Answer 48

in the membrane

Question 49

What are the byproducts of light reactions used for in dark reactions?

Answer 49

ATP and NADPH and uses them to convert CO2 and H20 into organic carbon compounds and useful carbohydrates via carbon fixation

Question 50

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions: A-B --> B-A

Answer 50

Isomerases Catalyze rearrangement of bonds w/in molecule to produce isomer

Question 51

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions: Ab+C --> A + Cb

Answer 51

Transferases Transfer a functional group

Question 52

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions: A-B + H20 --> A-OH + B-H

Answer 52

Hydrolases Catalyze hydrolasis w/ addition of h20

Question 53

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions: A-B --> A +B

Answer 53

Lyases Cleave/Break bonds other than using hydroloysis oxidation

Question 54

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions: A+B-->A+B

Answer 54

Oxidoreductases Transfer electron reduntant to oxidant

Question 55

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions: A + B --> A-B

Answer 55

Ligases Covalent bond joining molecules together

Question 56

What determines the specificity of an enzyme?

Answer 56

Active Site

Question 57

What is an active site?

Answer 57

Unique chemical structure bound only by select target molecules. Lock and key relationship

Question 58

In oxidation, are electrons lost or gained?

Answer 58

Lost OIL - oxidation involves loss

Question 59

In reduction, are electrons lost or gained?

Answer 59

Gained RIG - reduction involves gain