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Microbiology - Portage Learning > Test 2 - > Flashcards

Test 2 - Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order in order to maintain life.

A

False

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2
Q

True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions

A

False

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3
Q

What is a cofactor? And give a general example.

A

Small chemical that assists an enzyme during the catalysis reactions. Usually a metal ion.

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4
Q

Define catabolism.

A

Process of breaking down bigger molecules into smaller, useful energy sources.

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5
Q

In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active?

A

Catabolism

Proteins are made up of amino acids, therefore catabolism would be needed to break up the proteins into amino acids.

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6
Q

Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP

A

ATP donates its energy to ADP who accepts the energy int the form of a phosphate group. ATP can be reduxed to ATP -> ADP + PI and ADP can be transformed into ATP by ADP+ Pi –> ATP

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7
Q

An organism that derives its energy (Generates ATP) from photons of light is called a….?

A

Phototroph

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8
Q

An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur would be classified as a …..?

A

Lithotroph

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9
Q

This phosphorylation process occurs in the mitochondria of chemotrophic eukaryotes.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Fermentation/Respiration
3) Electron Transport Chain

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11
Q

What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose?

A

The last step in the process, electron transport chain yields 34 ATP, while glycolysis and fermentation only yield 2 ATP

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12
Q

Identify the products of the following chemical equation:

Glucose + 2NAD+ –> 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP

A

Products are always to the right of the arrow:

2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP

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13
Q

The presence of what molecule signals to the cell that glycolysis is about to start?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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14
Q

True/False: In the absence of oxygen fermentation produces. 2 ATP

A

False, fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+

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15
Q

What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle?

A

FADH2
NADH

Known as reduced electron carriers

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16
Q

T/F: The products of the TCA cycle enter an fuel the electron transport system

A

True

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17
Q

In the absence of glucose, which of the following cannot be used as alternative energy sources? Select all that apply.

A

Nucleic Acids

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18
Q

For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes are used?

A

Lipases

Proteases

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19
Q

T/F: The B-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids

A

True

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20
Q

Describe the relationship between chloroplasts and chlorophyll.

A

Chloroplasts and chlorophyl are involved in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are a double-membrane that contain chlorophyl, the photosynthetic pigment

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21
Q

Who have chloroplasts?

A

Plants and algae

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22
Q

True/False: Plants, algae and bacteria all contain chloroplasts?

A

False

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23
Q

The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following reactants?

A

NADPH
CO2
H20
ATP

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24
Q

In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where?

A

Always occurs in the membrane

25
Q

T/F: The Calvin cycle must occur in the absence of light

A

False

26
Q

How many turns of the calvin cycle are required to generate one molecule of glucose?

A

6

27
Q

Complete the following equation by placing the appropriate numbers where indicated.

_CO2 + __ATP + __NADPH + __H20 a C6H12O6 + __ADP + __NADP+

A 
6 CO2
18 ATP
12 NADPH
12 H20...
18 ADP
12 NADP+
28
Q

What is cellular metabolism?

A

Controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.

29
Q

What is the primary function of enzymes and how are they regulated?

A

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and are regulated by cofactors

30
Q

Are enzymes consumed during reactions?

A

No, they can be used repeatedly

31
Q

If the proper cofactor is absent, what happens to the enzyme?

A

Enzyme becomes inactive

32
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complex ones.

Associated with growth and repair

33
Q

What are chemotrophs?

A

Acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment

Divided into organotrophs or lithotrophs

34
Q

What is an organotroph?

A

Removing electrons from organic molecules like glucose

35
Q

What is a lithotroph?

A

Remove electrons from inorganic molecules

36
Q

Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation?

A

Chemotrophs utilize oxidative phosphorylation, but also substrate level phosphorylation

37
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP

38
Q

How much ATP do the following produce?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fermentation/Respiration
  3. Electron Transport Chain
A

1) 2 ATP
2) 2 ATP
3) 34 ATP

39
Q

What are the reactants of glycolysis?

A

Glucose, NAD+ and ATP

40
Q

What are reactants?

A

Any molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction

41
Q

What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+, and when these strategies be utilized?

A

Fermentation and Respiration help vonvert NADH back to NAD+

42
Q

When does fermentation occur? What about respiration? Which one is more efficient?

A

In the absence of oxygen

In the presence of oxygen

Respiration is more efficient

43
Q

How are the TCA and ETC related?

A

The products of the TCA/Kreb’s cycle fuel the electron transport chain and ultimately creates ATP when ATP synthase is activated

44
Q

In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)?

A

No, all that’s needed is additional steps at beginning of catabolism to convert fructose and lactose into usable energy like glucose or glucose-6-phosphate

45
Q

Proteases are used to catabolize what?

A

proteins

46
Q

What do lipases catalyze?

A

Lipids

47
Q

Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy?

A

Lipids, protein and carbohydrates

Lipids are high in hydrogen content and yield 48 ATP

48
Q

In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where?

A

in the membrane

49
Q

What are the byproducts of light reactions used for in dark reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH and uses them to convert CO2 and H20 into organic carbon compounds and useful carbohydrates via carbon fixation

50
Q

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:

A-B –> B-A

A

Isomerases

Catalyze rearrangement of bonds w/in molecule to produce isomer

51
Q

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:

Ab+C –> A + Cb

A

Transferases

Transfer a functional group

52
Q

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:

A-B + H20 –> A-OH + B-H

A

Hydrolases

Catalyze hydrolasis w/ addition of h20

53
Q

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:

A-B –> A +B

A

Lyases

Cleave/Break bonds other than using hydroloysis oxidation

54
Q

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:

A+B–>A+B

A

Oxidoreductases

Transfer electron reduntant to oxidant

55
Q

Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:

A + B –> A-B

A

Ligases

Covalent bond joining molecules together

56
Q

What determines the specificity of an enzyme?

A

Active Site

57
Q

What is an active site?

A

Unique chemical structure bound only by select target molecules.

Lock and key relationship

58
Q

In oxidation, are electrons lost or gained?

A

Lost

OIL - oxidation involves loss

59
Q

In reduction, are electrons lost or gained?

A

Gained

RIG - reduction involves gain

Microbiology - Portage Learning (7 decks)

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