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IB Biology SL > TEST 5 - CELLS > Flashcards

TEST 5 - CELLS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotroph

A

Organisms that can make its own food

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2
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organisms that cannot make their own food.

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3
Q

Differentiate

A
  • The ability of multicellular organisms to have cells that specialize in a certain function.
  • Specialized Cells have switched on particular genes that correlate to these specific functions.
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4
Q

Cell Theory Principles

A
  • All living things are made out of cells
    > Multicellular
    > Unicellular
  • Cells are the smallest units of life
    > Carry out metabolic functions
    > Cell components cannot survive alone
  • Cells come only from other cells
    > Multiply by division
    > Descended from simpler common ancestors
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5
Q

Functions of Life

A

Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
Response
Homeostasis
Nutrition
Excretion

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6
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Detailed cell structures observable only under an electron microscope, such as organelles like ribosomes or the endoplasmic reticulum.
Micrograph: A photographic image captured using a microscope, often enhanced with color for clarity in presentations.

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7
Q

Light Microscope

A
  • Magnifies up to 1,000x.
  • Limited resolution due to the wavelength of visible light (400–700 nm).
  • Can observe live specimens.
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8
Q

Electron Microscope

A
  • Uses electron beams for higher magnification and resolution (up to 1,000,000x).
  • Visualizes subcellular structures like organelles.
  • Cannot be used on living specimens.
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9
Q

Staining

A

Techniques using dyes to highlight specific cell structures, such as methylene blue for DNA or fluorescent markers for proteins.

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10
Q

Cryogenic Microscopy

A

A method where proteins or molecules are frozen and imaged to create 3D models, ideal for studying their structure.

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11
Q

Freeze-Fracture Microscopy

A

A technique where frozen cells are fractured along membranes to visualize internal surfaces, such as transmembrane proteins

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12
Q

Cell Diversity

A
  • Size: Ranges from microscopic bacteria to large egg cells.
  • Shape: Adapted to function, e.g., nerve cells are elongated for signal transmission. (Coccus, Bacillus, Spirilla)
  • Internal Organization: Variability in organelle presence and arrangement depending on the cell type.
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13
Q

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A
  • Determines the efficiency of material exchange.
  • As a cell grows, its volume increases faster than its surface area, reducing efficiency.
  • Smaller cells maintain faster diffusion, effective waste removal, and adequate nutrient absorption.
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14
Q

Emergent Properties

A

Complex functions arise when specialized cells work together in tissues, organs, and systems, enabling multicellular organisms to perform more than the sum of their parts.

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15
Q

Totipotent Stem Cells

A

Have the potential to develop into any cell type, including an entire organism, e.g., a fertilized egg.

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16
Q

Pluripotent Stem Cells

A

Can become almost any cell type in the body, e.g., embryonic stem cells.

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17
Q

Multipotent Stem Cells

A

Limited to forming specific types of cells, e.g., BLOOD, SKIN.

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18
Q

Unipotent Stem Cells

A

Specialized to form only one cell type, e.g., NERVE

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19
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Simple, single-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles, e.g., bacteria.

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20
Q

Prokaryotic - Slime Capsule

A

A protective polysaccharide layer that enhances survival in harsh conditions.

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21
Q

Prokaryotic - Cell Wall

A

Provides structure and protection, composed of peptidoglycan

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22
Q

Prokaryotic - Cytoplasm

A

Fluid containing enzymes for metabolic reactions.

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23
Q

Prokaryotic - Naked DNA

A

Circular genetic material not enclosed in a nucleus.

24
Q

Prokaryotic - Ribosomes (70s)

A

Small ribosomes for protein synthesis.

25
Q

Prokaryotic - Flagella

A

Tail-like structures for movement.

26
Q

Prokaryotic - Pili

A

Hair-like structures for adhesion or genetic material exchange (conjugation).

27
Q

Binary Fission (Prokaryotic)

A

Asexual reproduction process dividing a single cell into two identical cells.

28
Q

Prokaryotic METABOLIC Activity

A

Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Fixing, Fermentation

29
Q

Prokaryotic - Mesosome

A
  • Helps in cell division
  • Increases surface area
  • In Aerobic Bacteria: Holds respiration chain
  • In photosynthetic bacteria: Holds photosynthetic pigments
30
Q

Prokaryotic - Cell (Plasma) Membrane

A
  • Controls passage of materials
  • Semi permeable
31
Q

Prokaryotic - Plasmid

A
  • Small circular DNA chain
  • Codes for synthesis of certain proteins
  • Used in genetic engineering
32
Q

Nitrogen Fixing

A

Convert Nitrogen from air to Nitrogen compounds

33
Q

Fermentation

A

Bacterial convert lactose into lactic acid

34
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Complex cells with membrane-bound organelles, found in multicellular organisms: ANIMAL, PLANT, FUNGAL

35
Q

Eukaryotic - Cell Membrane

A

Structure:
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
- Contains cholesterol for added rigidity.

Function:
- Acts as a selectively permeable boundary between the cell and the external environment.
- Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

36
Q

Eukaryotic - Nucleus

A

Structure:
- Spherical structure enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
- The envelope is porous, allowing the passage of proteins and ribosomes.
- Contains the nucleolus, where ribosomes are formed.
- Houses chromatin, which includes DNA and associated proteins.

Function:
- Storage center for the cell’s DNA.
- Directs cell activities by regulating gene expression.

37
Q

Eukaryotic - Cytoplasm

A

Structure:
- Gelatin-like fluid found inside the cell membrane.
- Contains salts, minerals, and organic molecules.

Function:
- Serves as the medium where organelles are suspended.
- Site of numerous metabolic reactions.

38
Q

Eukaryotic - Cytoskeleton

A

Structure:
- A network of thin, fibrous elements including microtubules (hollow tubes) and microfilaments.

Function:
- Provides structural support to the cell.
- Maintains the cell’s shape.
- Assists in cellular transport and organelle movement.

39
Q

Eukaryotic - Centrioles

A

Structure:
- Composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring.
- Found in pairs within a region called the centrosome.

Function:
- Play a major role in cell division (mitosis).
- Not present in plant cells.

40
Q

Eukaryotic - Cilia and Flagella

A

Structure:
- Hair-like projections extending from the surface of cells.
- Cilia: Short and numerous.
- Flagella: Longer and fewer in number.
- Both are made of nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair.

Function:
- Facilitate cell motility or the movement of fluids adjacent to the cell.

41
Q

Eukaryotic - Basal Bodies

A

Structure:
- Anchor the microtubule assembly of cilia and flagella within the cell.
- Structurally identical to centrioles.

42
Q

Eukaryotic - Ribosomes (80s)

A

Structure:
- Consist of two subunits made of protein and RNA.
- Found free-floating, in groups (polyribosomes), or attached to the rough ER.

Function:
- Site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

43
Q

Eukaryotic - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Structure:
- A system of membranous tubes and sacs connected to the nuclear envelope.
- Forms transport vesicles.
- Two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER.

Function:
- Serves as an intracellular “highway” for the movement of molecules.

44
Q

Eukaryotic - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A

Structure:
- Covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance.
- Found near the nucleus.

Function:
- Prominent in cells that produce large amounts of protein.
- Synthesizes and transports proteins.

45
Q

Eukaryotic - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A

Structure:
- Does not have ribosomes attached.
- Connected to the rough ER.

Function:
- Synthesizes lipids.
- Breaks down toxic substances.

46
Q

Eukaryotic - Golgi Apparatus

A

Structure
- Stacked flat sachs
Function:
- Receives proteins from the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out of the cell.

47
Q

Eukaryotic - Lysosome

A

Structure:
- Spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane.
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes.

Function:
- Break down food particles, cellular debris, and invading pathogens.
- Aid in recycling worn-out cell parts.
Not commonly found in plant cells.

48
Q

Eukaryotic - Peroxisome

A

Structure:
- Small spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane.
- Contain enzymes for metabolic reactions.

Function:
- Break down hydrogen peroxide, a toxic byproduct of metabolism.
- Contribute to lipid metabolism and detoxification.

49
Q

Eukaryotic - Mitochondria

A

Structure:
- Double-membraned organelle with inner folds called cristae.
- Contains its own DNA and 70s ribosomes.

Function:
- Converts energy stored in food into ATP through cellular respiration.
- Referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell.

50
Q

Secretory Pathway

A

rER packages protein into vesicles that separate from ER.
Transport Vesicles travel and fuse with the Golgi Apparatus.
Golgi modifies & repackages protein into new secretory vesicles.
Secretory Vesicles released into cytoplasm.
Vesicles fuse with Cell Membrane.
Contents released – SECRETION!

51
Q

Fungal Cell

A

Cell Wall: Made of chitin (a carbohydrate).
Larger Food Vacuoles: Present in fungal cells.
No Centrioles: Unlike animal cells, fungal cells lack centrioles.
Not Photosynthetic: Fungal cells do not perform photosynthesis.

52
Q

Plant Cell - Cell Wall

A

Structure: Rigid wall made out of cellulose, proteins, and carbohydrates
Function: Support

53
Q

Plant Cell - Vacuole

A

Structure: sac of fluid surrounded by membrane
Function: Temporal storage

54
Q

Plant Cell - Plastids

A

Three Types:
- Chloroplasts
- Chromoplasts: Synthesis and storage of pigments
- Leucoplasts: Store food just like starches, proteins, lipids

55
Q

Plant Cell - Chloroplasts

A

Structure: Stacked sacs that contain chlorophyl
Contain DNA
Function: Photosynthesis

IB Biology SL (8 decks)

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