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IB Biology SL > TEST 4 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS > Flashcards

TEST 4 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants, using visible light from the sun, convert energy into chemical energy.

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2
Q

The Sun

A

Primary energy source for life, providing light for photosynthesis.

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3
Q

Visible Light

A

Component of the electromagnetic spectrum used by plants for photosynthesis, with a wavelength range of 400–700 nm

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4
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Organisms, such as plants, that use light to produce their own food

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5
Q

Spectrum of Light for Photosynthesis

A

The range of light wavelengths from 400 nm (violet/blue) to 700 nm (red), absorbed by plants for photosynthesis

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6
Q

Wavelengths for Photosynthesis

A

400-525 nm: violet/blue
525-625 nm: green/yellow
625-700 nm: orange/red

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7
Q

Pigments

A

Chemical molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect others, determining the color we see

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8
Q

Photosynthetic Pigments

A

Pigments like chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins, which absorb light for photosynthesis

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9
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

Main pigment in photosynthesis; absorbs violet-blue and red light, converting it to chemical energy.

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10
Q

Chlorophyll B

A

Accessory pigment in photosynthesis; absorbs blue/green to orange/red light

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11
Q

Carotenoids, Xanthophylls, Anthocyanins

A

Accessory pigments that absorb various wavelengths from violet to green

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12
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, containing structures like thylakoids and stroma

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13
Q

Thylakoid

A

Membrane structures in chloroplasts, arranged in stacks called grana, containing chlorophyll; site of light-dependent reactions

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14
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids within chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur

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15
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid-filled area within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, outside the thylakoids; site of light-independent reactions

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16
Q

Action Spectrum

A
  • Wavelength of light VS efficiency of photosynthesis
  • Most graphs will show: % use of light OR rate of photosynthesis
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17
Q

Absorption Specturm

A

Wavelengths of light are best absorbed by the main photosynthesis pigment.

18
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

19
Q

Light Energy

A

Energy needed in the form of photons for photosynthesis.

20
Q

ATP

A

Used and generated during photosynthesis to store and transfer energy.

21
Q

NADP⁺

A

Electron carrier that combines with two electrons and two hydrogen ions to form NADPH during photosynthesis.

22
Q

NADPH

A

Reduced form of NADP⁺, produced when NADP⁺ receives electrons and is essential in the Calvin cycle for glucose production.

23
Q

Glucose and Oxygen

A

Products of photosynthesis, where glucose is used as an energy source and oxygen is released as a byproduct.

24
Q

NADP (Full Form)

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; an electron carrier molecule involved in photosynthesis.

25
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions

A

Reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes, requiring light energy to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

26
Q

Photosystem II (680 nm)

A

Pigment complex in chlorophyll involved in photolysis, active transport of H+ ions, and ATP synthesis.

27
Q

Photosystem I (700 nm)

A

Pigment complex that facilitates the reduction of NADP⁺ to NADPH.

28
Q

Thylakoid

A

Membrane structure within chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur.

29
Q

Photolysis

A

Process where photon energy splits water molecules, producing oxygen, creating a 𝐻+ gradient, and replacing electrons in chlorophyll.

30
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in Photosynthesis

A

A chain where energized electrons move and lose energy used for ATP synthesis.

31
Q

Summary of Light Reactions

A
  • Inputs: Light, water, ADP, and NADP+
  • Outputs: ATP, NADPH, and 𝑂2 (waste).
32
Q

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

A

Reactions occurring in the stroma that use 𝐶𝑂2, ATP, and NADPH to produce glucose.

33
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

The process of incorporating CO2 into organic molecules in the Calvin cycle.

34
Q

Role of NADPH in Calvin Cycle

A

Provides electrons and energy for the reduction of carbon molecules, aiding in glucose production.

35
Q

External Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

A

Conditions like temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentration that impact the rate of photosynthesis.

36
Q

Light Intensity

A

Low: Causes a shortage of NADPH and ATP, limiting the rate of photosynthesis.
High: As light intensity increases, all chlorophyll eventually becomes saturated, reaching a maximum rate of photosynthesis.
Rate Limiting Step: The reduction of G3P (glycerate-3-phosphate) is the rate-limiting step; without NADPH, reduction cannot occur.

37
Q

Temperature Effect on Enzymes

A

Enzymes that catalyze the Calvin Cycle work more slowly at low temperatures, causing NADPH accumulation.
Optimal Temp: Photosynthesis works best at around 38°C for many plants.
High: The enzyme that fixes carbon, G3P carboxylase, may denature, limiting carbon fixation and leading to NADPH accumulation.

38
Q

CO₂ Concentration

A

CO₂ is a substrate for the Calvin Cycle reactions. Low CO₂ concentrations limit carbon fixation, while high concentrations are not a limiting factor.

39
Q

Measuring Oxygen Production

A

Measuring oxygen production allows for determining the volume of gas produced, indicating the rate of photosynthesis.

40
Q

Measuring CO₂ Uptake

A

CO₂ uptake is hard to measure directly; if absorbed, it increases pH. Bromothymol blue indicates CO₂ presence by turning yellow.

41
Q

Biomass Measurement

A

Involves taking equal-sized plant samples at intervals, measuring dry mass increase to determine photosynthetic rate. Conditions must remain consistent

IB Biology SL (8 decks)

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