TEST 1 - BIODIVERSITY

Question 1

IB Definition: Biodiversity

Answer 1

Change in the allele frequency of a population’s gene pool over successive generations.

Question 2

Change Over time

Answer 2

change in inherited characteristics of a species.

Question 3

Biological evolution

Answer 3

The commutative changes in a population from one generation to next.

Question 4

Law of Fossil Succession

Answer 4

Fossils are dated by determining the age of the rock. Fossils of living organisms appear to show evolution.

Question 5

Selective Breeding

Answer 5

Darwin: Humans select desirable traits in domesticated animals.

Question 6

Artificial Selection

Answer 6

Foundation of selective breeding:
- Mating of organisms with fav traits. Erasing traits with negative characteristics. DOES NOT further variation of species. CAN cause evolution.

Question 7

Homologous Structures

Answer 7

Similar structures due to common ancestry. DIVERGENT. EX: Pentadacyl Limb, arm bones, finger bones, legs, etc.

Question 8

Analogous Structure

Answer 8

A feature with similar function and superficial structural similarity, but with different fundamental structure and evolutionary origin. CONVERGENT.

Question 9

Divergent Evolution

Answer 9

Occurs when an ancestral species splits into two reproductively isolated groups, causing each group to develop different traits due to their respective selective pressures and natural selection.

Question 10

Convergent Evolution

Answer 10

The process by which distantly related organisms independently evolve analogous traits due to similar selection pressures.

Question 11

Artificial Classification

Answer 11

Classifying organisms on the basis of few, self-evident features.

Question 12

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 12

Single species give rise to several related species. DIVERGENT. EX: Finches of Galapagos Island.

Question 13

Speciation

Answer 13

The process by which new species form, where one species is split into two or more species. It occurs at population level. Reproductive isolated. Geographic isolated.

Question 14

Natural Selection 5 Parts

Answer 14

1. Production of more offspring than the environment can produce
2. Struggle for survival
3. Variation will exist among offspring produced.
4. Natural Selection will favor offspring that: posses the best traits, are most fit, survivers will reproduce and pass on their favorable traits.
5. Over many generations… gene pool changes.

Question 15

Variations

Answer 15

Permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome

Question 16

Frame Shifts

Answer 16

Deletion, insertion, substitution of bases.

Question 17

Random Mutation

Answer 17

Occurs during:
- DNA Replication
- Viral infection
DOES NOT occur often

Question 18

Selection Preassures

Answer 18

Biotic: Predation, disease, competition, parasites.
Abiotic: Moisture, temperatures, altitudes, sunlight.

Question 19

Melanistic Insects (Polymorphism)

Answer 19

• Peppered Moth (Biston Betularia)
• Selection Pressure: Predation by birds.
• Variation: Alternative alleles for a gene (transient)

Question 20

Beaks of Finches (Adaptive Radiation)

Answer 20

• Galapagos Islands
• Selection Pressure: increased competition for food
• Environmental Change: Drought (1977): plants produced larger seeds, larger beaks and stuff.

Question 21

Antibiotic Resistances

Answer 21

The bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus.

Question 22

The Binomial System

Answer 22

• Carl Linnaeos (1735)
• Two name system, universal system
• Homo sapiens - human
• Canis familiaris - dog

Question 23

Biological Species

Answer 23

Group of organisms with shared traits.

Question 24

Number of Chromosomes

Answer 24

Cause diversity

Question 25

Karyograms

Answer 25

Image where chromosomes are organized in pairs: Size, banding pattern, centromere position.

Question 26

Karyotypes

Answer 26

Count chromosomes during the early stage of nuclear divison

Question 27

Ecosystem diversity

Answer 27

Range of different habitat or number of ecological niches per unit area in an ecosystem. EX: woodland (High diversity), desert (low diversity).

Question 28

Species diversity

Answer 28

The variety of species per unit area. This includes both the number of species present an their relative abundance.

Question 29

Genetic diversity

Answer 29

Range of genetic material in a gene pool or population of a species. A large gene leads to a a high genetic diversity.

Question 30

Causes of Ecosystem loss

Answer 30

• Global Climate change
• Habitat destruction
• Pollution
• Invasive Species
• Over harvesting

Question 31

Causes of current biodiversity crisis

Answer 31

• Hunting and Over-exploitation
• Urbanization and land loss
• Deforestation and land clearance
• Pollution of land and sea
• Spread of invasive species.

Question 32

How to gain evidence of Biodiversity crisis

Answer 32

• Determining the size of population over the years.
• Range of species in an areas
• Diversity of species in an ecosystem.
• Richness and evenness of diversity in an ecosystem
• Extend of degradation of an ecosystem
• Number of threatened species within a taxonomic group.

Question 33

Biodiversity conservation

Answer 33

In Situ Conservation: National Parks, Biosphere reserves, Nature Parks or wildfire sanctuary.
Ex Situ Conservation: Seed banks conservation, Home gardens, Botanical genders, zoos, aquariums.