TEST 4 - CELL RESPIRATION Flashcards
Cell Respiration
- The process of producing ATP by breaking down nutrients and food using enzymes
- Controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
Products of Cellular Respiration
CO2, H2O, ATP
Mitochondria in CR
Organelle where cellular respiration takes place
NADH
Carrier molecule that binds electrons to help produce ATP
NAD => NADH
NAD is reduced to NADH during cellular respiration
Glucose in CR
The most popular organic molecule used in cellular respiration
Fatty Acids in CR
The least popular organic molecules used in cellular respiration
Energy Transfer
- Molecules are oxidized, and the potential energy stored in them is transferred to ATP
- During CR, energy is transferred in small quantities so that it is not lost to the surroundings.
Other Molecules used in Energy Production
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins.
ATP Production
- ATP + phosphate group
- Energy source: Food
- Energy storage: covalent bond of ATP and phosphate group
Reduction
Lose electrons
Oxidation
Gain electrons
Cellular Respiration VS Breathing
Breathing is the intake of oxygen and release of CO2 to enable gas exchange and provide the body with oxygen for cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration equation
Glucose + Oxygen => CO2 + H2O + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Molecule produced during CR that directly fuels many biological reactions.
ATP Properties as an Energy Source
- Contains chemical energy stored in its structure
- Releases energy in small quantities by hydrolyzing ATP into ADP.
- Water-soluble, allowing reactions to occur in the cytoplasm
- Small and easily transported within cells through facilitated diffusion.
Hydrolysis
ATP into ADP & Phosphate to release energy
Phosphorylated Intermediates
Molecules that become more reactive when ATP reacts with them in metabolic reactions, forming Phosphorylated Intermediates with the help of enzymes.
Muscle Contraction
Muscle fibers shorten due to the interaction between actin and myosin protein filaments. This sliding motion is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP, with the energy released used for the “power stroke”
ATP => Types of Energy
- Into electrical energy when transmitting a nerve impulse
- Into kinetic energy during muscle contractions
- Into light energy in bioluminescence
Main Uses of ATP
- Synthesizing Macromolecules
- Movements
- Active Transport
Synthesizing Macromolecules
- Production of proteins
- Synthesizing DNA
- Synthesizing RNA
- Building Lipids
- Building complex polysaccharides
Movements
- Muscle contraction
- Cilia or flagela movements.
- Chromosome movement during mitosis or meiosis
Active Transport
- Movement of sugars into the cell
- Na/K pump in neurons
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
Parts of Mitochondria
- Outer Membrane
- Inner Membrane
- Cristae
- Matrix
- Intermolecular Space
Outer Membrane
Encloses mitochondria, and contains transport protein to move pyruvate from cytosol.
Inner Membrane
Contains ETC and ATP synthase that carry out oxidative phosphorylation
Cristae
Tube like projections in the inner membrane. Increases surface area/volume ration for phosphorylation
Matrix
It contains enzymes to run the Krebs cycle. Higher PH.
Intermolecular Space
Used in the ETC to hold hydrogen ions. Maintains gradients.
Aerobic Respiration
- Requires oxygen to produce energy.
- Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
- Involves a complete breakdown of glucose, resulting in carbon dioxide, water, and a high yield of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency).
- Consists of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- Cytoplasm.
- Involves an incomplete breakdown of glucose, producing less ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
- Results in byproducts like lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in plants and yeast).
- Includes glycolysis but skips the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
How could cellular respiration be measured?
Respirometer
What is the rate of respiration?
Time -> CO2
What could be investigated (Factors affecting cellular respiration)?
Temperature, PH, light levels, water levels, soil type.
