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IB Biology SL > TEST 4 - CELL RESPIRATION > Flashcards

TEST 4 - CELL RESPIRATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Respiration

A
  • The process of producing ATP by breaking down nutrients and food using enzymes
  • Controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
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2
Q

Products of Cellular Respiration

A

CO2, H2O, ATP

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3
Q

Mitochondria in CR

A

Organelle where cellular respiration takes place

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4
Q

NADH

A

Carrier molecule that binds electrons to help produce ATP

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5
Q

NAD => NADH

A

NAD is reduced to NADH during cellular respiration

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6
Q

Glucose in CR

A

The most popular organic molecule used in cellular respiration

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7
Q

Fatty Acids in CR

A

The least popular organic molecules used in cellular respiration

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8
Q

Energy Transfer

A
  • Molecules are oxidized, and the potential energy stored in them is transferred to ATP
  • During CR, energy is transferred in small quantities so that it is not lost to the surroundings.
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9
Q

Other Molecules used in Energy Production

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins.

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10
Q

ATP Production

A
  • ATP + phosphate group
  • Energy source: Food
  • Energy storage: covalent bond of ATP and phosphate group
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11
Q

Reduction

A

Lose electrons

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12
Q

Oxidation

A

Gain electrons

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13
Q

Cellular Respiration VS Breathing

A

Breathing is the intake of oxygen and release of CO2 to enable gas exchange and provide the body with oxygen for cellular respiration

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14
Q

Cellular Respiration equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen => CO2 + H2O + ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 => 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP

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15
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

Molecule produced during CR that directly fuels many biological reactions.

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16
Q

ATP Properties as an Energy Source

A
  • Contains chemical energy stored in its structure
  • Releases energy in small quantities by hydrolyzing ATP into ADP.
  • Water-soluble, allowing reactions to occur in the cytoplasm
  • Small and easily transported within cells through facilitated diffusion.
17
Q

Hydrolysis

A

ATP into ADP & Phosphate to release energy

18
Q

Phosphorylated Intermediates

A

Molecules that become more reactive when ATP reacts with them in metabolic reactions, forming Phosphorylated Intermediates with the help of enzymes.

19
Q

Muscle Contraction

A

Muscle fibers shorten due to the interaction between actin and myosin protein filaments. This sliding motion is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP, with the energy released used for the “power stroke”

20
Q

ATP => Types of Energy

A
  • Into electrical energy when transmitting a nerve impulse
  • Into kinetic energy during muscle contractions
  • Into light energy in bioluminescence
21
Q

Main Uses of ATP

A
  • Synthesizing Macromolecules
  • Movements
  • Active Transport
22
Q

Synthesizing Macromolecules

A
  • Production of proteins
  • Synthesizing DNA
  • Synthesizing RNA
  • Building Lipids
  • Building complex polysaccharides
23
Q

Movements

A
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cilia or flagela movements.
  • Chromosome movement during mitosis or meiosis
24
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Movement of sugars into the cell
  • Na/K pump in neurons
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
25
Q

Parts of Mitochondria

A
  • Outer Membrane
  • Inner Membrane
  • Cristae
  • Matrix
  • Intermolecular Space
26
Q

Outer Membrane

A

Encloses mitochondria, and contains transport protein to move pyruvate from cytosol.

27
Q

Inner Membrane

A

Contains ETC and ATP synthase that carry out oxidative phosphorylation

28
Q

Cristae

A

Tube like projections in the inner membrane. Increases surface area/volume ration for phosphorylation

29
Q

Matrix

A

It contains enzymes to run the Krebs cycle. Higher PH.

30
Q

Intermolecular Space

A

Used in the ETC to hold hydrogen ions. Maintains gradients.

31
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Requires oxygen to produce energy.
  • Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
  • Involves a complete breakdown of glucose, resulting in carbon dioxide, water, and a high yield of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency).
  • Consists of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
32
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • Occurs in the absence of oxygen.
  • Cytoplasm.
  • Involves an incomplete breakdown of glucose, producing less ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
  • Results in byproducts like lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in plants and yeast).
  • Includes glycolysis but skips the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
33
Q

How could cellular respiration be measured?

A

Respirometer

34
Q

What is the rate of respiration?

A

Time -> CO2

35
Q

What could be investigated (Factors affecting cellular respiration)?

A

Temperature, PH, light levels, water levels, soil type.

IB Biology SL (10 decks)

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