TEST 2 - CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS Flashcards
Organic Molecule
Compounds that contain carbon atoms come from a living or once living organism.
Most common elements in organic molecules
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
Carbon Bonding (versatile)
- Four bonds
- Strong covalent bonds
- It can bond in many ways: Straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
Examples of bonding
- Straight chain: propane
- Branched-chain: Isobutane
- Ring: Cyclohexane
Cholesterol & Steroids
- Testosterone
- Cortisone
- Vitamin D
- Cholesterol
Functional Groups
Groups of atoms attached to organic molecules.
All are polar and increase solubility in water.
Functional groups Examples
- Hydroxyl Group (Alcohol: -OH
- Carbonyl Group:
- Aldehyde (End): c=O
- Ketones (middle): c=O - Carboxyl Group:
- Acid: -COOH
Carbonyl + hydroxyl = carbonyl - Amino Group: -NH2
- Sulfhydryl Group: -SH
- Phosphate Group: PO4-
Polymers
Many molecules
Monomers
One Molecule
Condensation reaction
Monomers are linked together, polymers are built
Water molecule is release
endergonic
Hydrolysis
Monomers are split apart
Polymers are broken down
A water molecule is used
Exergonic process
Metabolism
The Web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism
Anabolism
SYNTHESIS of complex molecules from simpler molecules.
Catabolism
BREAKDOWN of complex molecules into simpler molecules
Elements in living organisms
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Uses of elements in the Environment
NITROGEN: Nitrogen cycle
PHOSPHORUS: DNA, ATP
CALCIUM: Bones. Milk and shi
IRON: Blood Hemoglobin
SODIUM: Neurons
SULFUR: Cysteine = Amino Acid (HAIR)
Carbohydrates Characteristics
C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Often end in -OSE
Soluble in water:
- Hydroxyl: OH
- Aldehyde: H-C=-O
- Ketene: -c=O
Carbohydrates
Building blocks (monomers), simple sugars = Monosaccharides.
Energy storage and cell structure
Monosaccharides
One
Simple sugars
2 function groups: 1 carbonyl and several hydroxyls
Generally 3,5, or 6 carbons long
All carbons have a hydroxyl attached except one that has a carbonyl
Glucose
C8H12O8
Most common simple sugars
Two isomers: Fructose and Galactose
Aldose
Aldehyde Sugar
Carbonyl group
Ex: Glucose
Ketose
Ketone Sugar
Carbonyl group
Ex: Fructose
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides are linked. The beginning of a carbohydrate polymer
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
- In grains: hops and barley
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
- Ex: Table sugar
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
- Ex: Dairy Sugar
Condensation Reaction
Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide + Water
Glycosidic Bond
The bond between two monosaccharides to form a a disaccharide
Polysaccharide: Starch
- Primary energy storage compound in plants
- 1000’s of alpha glucose
- 2 types: Amylose (Unbranched) OR Amylopectin (1,4 & 1,6 branched)
Cellulose
- Polymer of glucose
- Betaglucose (1,4)
- Structural Polysaccharide
- cell wall
Glycogen
Animal energy storage
Made of alpha glucose
structure has a main chain and side branches
Stored in the liver and muscles
Cell Wall
Fully permeable to water
gives support - microfibril
Dietary fiber
Biological Purposes of Carbohydrates
Energy Storage
- Immediate: Sugar
- Long Term: Starch
Glucose - needed for cellular respiration
Cell-Cell Recognition - Glycoproteins
Roles of glycoproteins in cell-cell recognition
Each of the 4 different blood types carries a slightly different version of a glycoprotein.
Lipids
Functions:
- Energy storage
- Storage
- Insulation
- Protects organs
- Hormonal - SEX HORMONES
Many are composed of Fatty acids and glycerol
Lipid Characteristics
Triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids
Nonpolar
Fat
Higher ratios of C & H:O than carbohydrates
Many C-H Bonds
