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IB Biology SL > TEST 2 - CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS > Flashcards

TEST 2 - CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic Molecule

A

Compounds that contain carbon atoms come from a living or once living organism.

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2
Q

Most common elements in organic molecules

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
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3
Q

Carbon Bonding (versatile)

A
  • Four bonds
  • Strong covalent bonds
  • It can bond in many ways: Straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
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4
Q

Examples of bonding

A
  • Straight chain: propane
  • Branched-chain: Isobutane
  • Ring: Cyclohexane
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5
Q

Cholesterol & Steroids

A
  • Testosterone
  • Cortisone
  • Vitamin D
  • Cholesterol
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6
Q

Functional Groups

A

Groups of atoms attached to organic molecules.
All are polar and increase solubility in water.

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7
Q

Functional groups Examples

A
  • Hydroxyl Group (Alcohol: -OH
  • Carbonyl Group:
    - Aldehyde (End): c=O
    - Ketones (middle): c=O
  • Carboxyl Group:
    - Acid: -COOH
    Carbonyl + hydroxyl = carbonyl
  • Amino Group: -NH2
  • Sulfhydryl Group: -SH
  • Phosphate Group: PO4-
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8
Q

Polymers

A

Many molecules

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9
Q

Monomers

A

One Molecule

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10
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Monomers are linked together, polymers are built
Water molecule is release
endergonic

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11
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Monomers are split apart
Polymers are broken down
A water molecule is used
Exergonic process

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

The Web of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism

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13
Q

Anabolism

A

SYNTHESIS of complex molecules from simpler molecules.

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

BREAKDOWN of complex molecules into simpler molecules

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15
Q

Elements in living organisms

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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16
Q

Uses of elements in the Environment

A

NITROGEN: Nitrogen cycle
PHOSPHORUS: DNA, ATP
CALCIUM: Bones. Milk and shi
IRON: Blood Hemoglobin
SODIUM: Neurons
SULFUR: Cysteine = Amino Acid (HAIR)

17
Q

Carbohydrates Characteristics

A

C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Often end in -OSE
Soluble in water:
- Hydroxyl: OH
- Aldehyde: H-C=-O
- Ketene: -c=O

17
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Building blocks (monomers), simple sugars = Monosaccharides.
Energy storage and cell structure

18
Q

Monosaccharides

A

One
Simple sugars
2 function groups: 1 carbonyl and several hydroxyls
Generally 3,5, or 6 carbons long
All carbons have a hydroxyl attached except one that has a carbonyl

19
Q

Glucose

A

C8H12O8
Most common simple sugars
Two isomers: Fructose and Galactose

20
Q

Aldose

A

Aldehyde Sugar
Carbonyl group
Ex: Glucose

21
Q

Ketose

A

Ketone Sugar
Carbonyl group
Ex: Fructose

22
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides are linked. The beginning of a carbohydrate polymer

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
- In grains: hops and barley
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
- Ex: Table sugar
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
- Ex: Dairy Sugar

23
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide + Water

24
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

The bond between two monosaccharides to form a a disaccharide

25
Q

Polysaccharide: Starch

A
  • Primary energy storage compound in plants
  • 1000’s of alpha glucose
  • 2 types: Amylose (Unbranched) OR Amylopectin (1,4 & 1,6 branched)
26
Q

Cellulose

A
  • Polymer of glucose
  • Betaglucose (1,4)
  • Structural Polysaccharide
  • cell wall
27
Q

Glycogen

A

Animal energy storage
Made of alpha glucose
structure has a main chain and side branches
Stored in the liver and muscles

28
Q

Cell Wall

A

Fully permeable to water
gives support - microfibril
Dietary fiber

29
Q

Biological Purposes of Carbohydrates

A

Energy Storage
- Immediate: Sugar
- Long Term: Starch
Glucose - needed for cellular respiration
Cell-Cell Recognition - Glycoproteins

30
Q

Roles of glycoproteins in cell-cell recognition

A

Each of the 4 different blood types carries a slightly different version of a glycoprotein.

31
Q

Lipids

A

Functions:
- Energy storage
- Storage
- Insulation
- Protects organs
- Hormonal - SEX HORMONES

Many are composed of Fatty acids and glycerol

31
Q

Lipid Characteristics

A

Triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids
Nonpolar
Fat
Higher ratios of C & H:O than carbohydrates
Many C-H Bonds

32
Q
A

IB Biology SL (8 decks)

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