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Abdomen I Sonography > Test 5 Adrenal/Spleen > Flashcards

Test 5 Adrenal/Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

What is a function of the adrenal medulla ?

A

Synthesizing epinephrine

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2
Q

What is hyperadrenalism associated with?

A

Associated with “Moon face” and “buffalo hump”

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3
Q

Which disease is associated with the hypofunction of the adrenal glands?

A

Addisons

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4
Q

What is the primary mineralcorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

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5
Q

Where are the glucocorticoids produced?

A

Zona fasciculate

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6
Q

Written

The adrenal glands have an abundant arterial supply. Other than the adrenal artery branch off of the aorta, list the other two vessels that have an adrenal artery branch:

A

Renal artery and the inferior phrenic artery

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7
Q

True/False:
The adrenal glands have a double venous drainage system

A

False

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8
Q

Which portion of the adrenal gland is responsible for the production of sex hormones?

A

Zona reticularis

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9
Q

True/False
The left adrenal gland lies posterior to the pancreatic tail stomach and lesser sac

A

True

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10
Q

True/False
While in utero, the medulla aids the placenta in synthesizing estrogen

A

False

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11
Q

What are three indications for an exam of the adrenal glands?

A

-Virilism
-Adrenal mass on CT
-Hypertension

(Note: NOT “increased hematocrit”)

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12
Q

True/False
The adrenal glands are positioned at the anteromedial aspect of the kidneys and the two organs are surrounded by Gerotas fascia.

A

True

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13
Q

Which age group of patients have the largest adrenal glands when compared to the kidney?

A

Infants

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14
Q

True/False
The adrenal glands are peritoneal in location

A

False

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15
Q

True/False
The adrenal gland may also be referred to as the supernumerary gland

A

False

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16
Q

What phrase can be used to describe the normal sonographic appearance of the splenic parenchyma?

A

Homogeneous with mid- to low-level echogenicity.

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17
Q

What are three organs that are retroperitoneal?

A

-psoas muscle
-Aorta
-Kidney

(Note: NOT Spleen)

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18
Q

What is the most common splenic variant?

A

Splenunculus

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19
Q

Which splenic vasculature does NOT anastomose?

A

Intrasplenic arteries do not anastomose

(Veins do anastomose)

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20
Q

What is the process that removes circulating erythrocytes that are defective?

A

Culling

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21
Q

The tail of the pancreas is ______ to the spleen

A

Medial

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22
Q

The diaphragm is _________ to the spleen

A

Posterior, lateral, and superior

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23
Q

The adrenal gland is ________ to the spleen

A

Medial

24
Q

Where are the cords of Billroth located within in the spleen?

A

Red pulp

25
Q

The splenic vein joins the (blank) to form the (blank) at the confluence.

A

Splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein at the confluence.

26
Q

This rare congenital disorder occurs in females more than males. It may have other sonographic findings of horseshoe kidneys and an abnormal IVC location.

A

Asplenia

27
Q

True/False
Accessory spleens are always seen at the hilum of the spleen.

A

False

28
Q

What is something that someone with a wondering spleen would be more prone to?

A

Torsion

29
Q

True/False:
One of the functions of the spleen is to act as a reservoir for blood that can be released back into the bloodstream if needed emergently

A

True

30
Q

What are three things that could potentially result in erythropenia?

A

-Hodgkin disease
-Acute blood loss
-Pernicious anemia

(Note: NOT polycythemia vera)

31
Q

True/False:
The spleen helps aid in the immune system by producing plasma cells important for the formation of antibodies

A

True

32
Q

True/False
The spleen acts as the primary source of erythropoiesis throughout a persons lifecycle.

A

False

33
Q

written

Other than cirrhosis, list two different causes of congestive splenomegaly. Make sure that your answer is not too broad. You do not need to explain your answer but it does need to be specific. There is a difference in trauma and splenic trauma.

A
  1. Portal hypertension
  2. Cystic fibrosis
34
Q

True/False:
The spleen is predominantly located in the left hyperchondriac region

A

False

35
Q

written

Your patient has advanced liver cirrhosis. List two sonographic LUQ findings (you cannot use splenomegaly) and list two physical signs the patient may exhibit

A

Sonographic findings:
- free fluid
- more vascularity in the spleen

Physical findings:
- distended abdomen
- jaundice

36
Q

Term for decreased white blood cell count, possibly the result of viral infection or leukemia

A

Leukopenia

37
Q

Which type of blood cell contains hemoglobin?

A

Erythrocyte/RBC

38
Q

What is the normal echogenicity of the spleen?

A

Isoechoic to the liver

39
Q

The spleen receives its blood supply from the splenic artery which branches off of the _______

A

Celiac axis

40
Q

Name for the process of red blood cell production:

A

Erythropoiesis

41
Q

If while scanning you locate the spleen in the left lower quadrant, what is the most likely explanation?

A

Wandering spleen

42
Q

Most common abnormality of the spleen demonstrated in sonography:

A

Splenomegaly

43
Q

What is the most common cause of splenomegaly?

A

Portal hypertension

44
Q

Term for the laboratory value of the percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

45
Q

term for the process used by the red pulp to destroy old red blood cells

A

Phagocytosis

46
Q

Term for tissue death caused by an interruption of the blood supply

A

Infarct

47
Q

While scanning the spleen, you notice multiple enlarged tortuous vessels in the splenic hilum. Color Doppler confirms that they are vascular in nature. Dilated vessels are also noted within the splenic parenchyma. What is the most likely cause of these findings?

A

Portal hypertension with collateral varices

48
Q

Primary function of red pulp:

A

Filtration

49
Q

Term for elevated white blood cell count, usually due to infection

A

Leukocytosis

50
Q

While scanning the spleen, you notice a small round mass that appears to be separate from the spleen in the region of the splenic hilum. The echotexture of the mass is similar to that of the spleen. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Accessory spleen

51
Q

The spleen is considered grossly enlarged when its length is greater than what measurement?

A

20 cm

52
Q

A wandering spleen at an increased risk of acquiring which of the following conditions?

A

Torsion and infarction

53
Q

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes the adrenal gland to produce and release corticosteroids

A

ACTH

54
Q

What is the most common appearance of the adrenal adenoma

A

Small, round, homogeneous hypoechoic lesions

55
Q

Inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

56
Q

Outer parenchyma of the adrenal gland that secretes corticoids, including cortisol and aldosterone

A

Adrenal cortex

57
Q

The adrenal gland is really two glands in one organ. What is the adrenal gland composed of?

A

Two endocrine glands

Abdomen I Sonography (5 decks)

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