Test 5 Flashcards
What is the definition of psychopathology?
the scientific study of origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.
Prevalence of a disorder
percentage of a population experiencing a given disorder during some period of time
Incidence of a disorder
Rate(or #) of new cases reported during a given period diabetes
comorbidity
situation where an individual has more than one psychological disorder simultaneously
Discuss the use of the DSM V in the diagnostic process.
Major Diagnostic Classes of Mental Disorders
the volume or the book that contains all info on psychological disorder
used by psychiachtrist
interview patients or family members, may give a test
gather info and go to dsm 5 in order to classify that disorder
complete description of the disorder
revised every few years
key to making diagnosis in psychiatry
phobia
excessive, irrational(in reality there is no great danger) fears of activities, objects, or situations.
-The fear is out of proportion to the real danger
list of phobias
- agoraphobia
- social anxiety disorder
- panic disorder
- generalized anxiety disorder
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- post-traumatic stress disorder
agoraphobia
- The avoidance of public places or situations in which escape may be difficult
- fear of incapacitating or embarassing symptoms of panic
- fear of being in open and public places
social anxiety disorder
- a fear related to being seen or observed by others
fear of being judged - Fear of being subjected in scrutiny.
panic disorder
- most severe anxiety disorder
- intense physiological reaction
- arousal not related to a specific stimulus
- rapid heart rate, sweating, dizziness
generalized anxiety disorder
-a chronically high level of anxiety
-anxiety is not attached to anything in particular(free-floating).
-diffuse and nonspecific kind of anxiety
individual who chronically experienced as excessive worrying and tension.
- a chronic and sustained pattern of anxiety
-Free-flowing anxiety
obsessive-compulsive disorder
- receptive, irrational, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images(obsessions).
- irresistible, repetitive acts(compulsions) such as checking that doors are locked. (behavior)
- Howie Mandel
what are the biological factors of OCD
- OCD runs in families
- OCD has been associated with low levels of Serotonin and norepinephrine (neurotransmitters)
post-traumatic stress disorder
- Exposure to a terrifyingg event or ordeal.
- natural disasters, physical or sexual assault, combat.
what are the symptoms of PTSD?
-negative thinking, moods, and emotions( feeling of alienation, guilt)
-Persistent state of physical arousal
-acute anxiety
-frightening memories
-flashbacks
sleep problems
What are the more commonly diagnosed phobias?
- agoraphobia
- social anxiety disorder
- claustrophobia
- anxiety is attached to specific situation or object
What is meant by the term dissociative experience?
-breaking up of cognitive and emotion
-not a brake with reality
-they lose integration
when the person experiences the break
what are the dissociative disorders?
dissociative amnesia
- dissociative Fugue
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
characteristics of Dissociative amnesia
- loss of memory with no organic cause(brain has not been damaged, extreme stress)
- A sudden inability to recall personal information.
- often occurs in response of trauma or extreme stress.
characteristics of Dissociative Fugue
- A type of dissociative amnesia
- involves amnesia and flight from the workplace or home
characteristics of Dissociative Identity disorder
- “Multiple Personality”
- an individual has two or more distinct & separate personalities
- 2 or more people inhabiting the same body
- recurrently take control of the individual’s behavior
- personalities usually alternate
- amnesia and memory personality
-individual
personalities are known as alter egos
- The ALTERS often have different personal histories, behavior patterns and voices
- rare
- reflects a failure to integrate aspects of conciousness, memory and identity
- awareness, memory and personal identity become separated or divided.
Why are depression and bipolar disorder considered mood disorders?
because they change your mood
What are typical treatments for depression ?
antidepressant drugs are used to balance your chemistry by working on neurotransmitters to make you feel better
What are typical bipolar disorder ?
lithium
What is persistent depressive disorder?
a chronic but less severe form than major depressive disorder
Which neurotransmitters are implicated in depression?
norepinephrin and serotonin
What is seasonal affective disorder?
-“winter depression”- occurs in fall and winter months, remits in spring
-more common with people living in northern latitudes
increased sleep,
-increased appetite, weight gain fatigue, social withdrawal (symptoms )
What is cyclothymic disorder?
- less severe, chronic form of bipolar disorder
- associated with moderate level of mania
- comes along with Hypomania
name eating disorder
- anorexia
- bulimia
- binge-eating
anorexia
- weight at least 15% below normal
- intense fear of weight gain
- distorted body image
- denies the seriousness of the weight loss
- death due to kidney or heart failure
bulimia
- Episodes of binge eating followed by recurrent episodes of purging
- a chemical imbalance results from constant vomiting diarrhea
- Can have serious effects including heart failure
- a sense of lack of control over eating
- they often get depressed
- self-evaluation influenced by wait
binge-eating disorder.
- binges of extreme overeating without purging.
- Feelings of distress, lack of control, shame.
- Biological and environmental causes
-treatment involves multiple approaches
psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral techniques,
dietary modification,
stress management
What are the key features of the personality disorders?
- Long-standing patterns of maladaptive behavior
- usually evident during adolescent years.
- resistant to treatment
what are the three basic clusters into which the personality disorders are organized?
- odd eccentric behavior cluster
- dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior cluster
- anxious, fearful behavior cluster
what are the disorders of the odd eccentric behavior cluster?
- paranoid personality disorder
- schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder
paranoid personality disorder
pervasive distrust and suspiciousness; assumes others are about to harm them
schizoid personality disorder
detached from social relationships; emotionally cold; prefers solitary activities; lack close friends
Schizotypal personality disorder
odd thoughts, speech, emotional reactions; impaired interpersonal functioning
what are the disorders of the dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior cluster?
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality Disorder
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
- violates rights of others; impulsive deceitful, manipulative; shows no guilt or remorseCharacterized by deceitful, impulsive, reckless actions that violate social norms
- fail to develop any emotional attachments
- show no regard for the feelings and wellbeing of others
- no remorse/guilt for their actions
- impulsive- want immediate gratification
Borderline personality Disorder
unstable relationships, emotion & self image; feelings of emptiness, rear of abandonment and self destructive
- instability of interpersonal relationships, self image and emotions
- fear of abandonment
- moods are intense and extreme
-intense and uncontrollably angry
deep despair
- emptiness
- self destructive behavior- ex. self mutilation
Histrionic Personality Disorder
exaggerated, dramatic expression of emotion and attention seeking; sexually seductive behaviors.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
grandiose sense of importance; excessive need for admiration; pretentious and boastful; lacks empathy
what are the disorders of the anxious fearful behavior cluster?
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Dependent personality Disorder
- Obssesive-Compulsvie personality disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
social inhibition and social avoidance due to feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitive to criticism and disapproval
Dependent personality Disorder
excessive need to be taken care of; clinging behaviors; fear of separation
Obssesive-Compulsvie personality disorder
rigid preoccupation with orderliness, personal control or schedules that interferes with completing tasks; unreasonable perfectionism.
Describe the biosocial developmental theory of borderline personality disorder.
-results from a combination of
-biological psychological and enviornmental factors
a biological temperment(impulsivity, negative emotions makes child vulnerable)
- Poor parenting
- dysfunctional relationship
- bad communication………environment set up for this disorder
Why is schizophrenia considered a disorder of thought?
schizophrenia considered a disorder of thought because thinking is disorganized and tend to have distorted beliefs and perceptions
Positive symptoms(excesses of functions)
- reflects a distortion or excess of normal functioning
- include disorganized thought and speech
- disorganized speech is considered a reflection of the underlying thought processes
delusions
false belief that are not based on reality
HALLUCINATIONS
- perceptions that are not caused by stimulation of the sensory receptors.
- auditory hallucinations are the most common
negative symptoms (deficits of function)
- marked deficits in emotional and/or behavioral functioning
- reductions and losses of function
- disturbances in affect
- diminished emotional expression
FLAT AFFECT
failure to experience any emotion at all
BLUNTED AFFECT
the inability to expos an emotionerience the full range
ALOGIA
reduced production of speech
-aka poverty of speech
AVOLITION
difficulty making decisions or initiating goal directed behavior
APATHY
- Lack energy and drive
- associated with more cognitive impairment and poorer prognoses than positive symptom
What evidence is there concerning the causes of schizophrenia?
- genetic factors
- paternal ages
- immune system
- abnormal brain structure
- brain chemistry
- psychological factors
genetic factors
- runs in families
- the closer related u are with someone with schizophrenia the higher chances of you having it
- twin studies
- concordance rates- the estimated risk and the likelihood of two people having this disorder( identical twin has a higher chance then fraternal twins)
paternal ages
- a potential risk factor
- genetic mutations carried in the sperm
- as sperm divisions increase over time they can accumulate genetic mutations that can be passed on
immune system
- viral infection theory
- exposure to a virus during prenatal development creates a vulnerability to schizophrenia
abnormal brain structure
- larger ventricles(fluid filled cavities in the brain)
- loss of gray matter tissue(glial cells, neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons in the cortex
brain chemistry
- increase in dopamine activity
- treatment involves antipsychotic medication
- works by suppressing dopamine activity
psychological factors
- stress
- dysfunctional parenting
- disorders hostile family
Nuerodevelopmental model of schizophrenia
schizophrenia results from a combination of genetic predisposition along with other factors.
What neurotransmitter has been implicated in schizophrenia?
dopamine
