Test 2 Review Flashcards
Neuroplasticity
The brains ability to change structure and function
Functional plasticity
The brains ability to shift functions from damage to undamaged brain areas
Structural plasticity
The brains ability to physically change in response to experience
Neurogenesis
Development of new neurons
Hindbrain
- lower base of the brain
- earliest to evolve
- includes Medulla, Pond, Cerebellum
Medulla
Contains a respiratory center for example breathing, and yawning, heart rate
pond
Connects the 2/2 of the brain. Sleep and arousal
Cerebellum
Deals with muscle coordination, behavior that requires aim and skill
Midbrain
Middle region of the brain; processes visual and auditory sensory
Forebrain
Two hemispheres
Identify the lobes of the brain
Frontal, pairental, temporal, occipital
Frontal lobe
Responsible for language, reasoning, planning and problem-solving
Parietal Lobe
Contains Somato sensory, Processes smell, touch
Temporal lobe
Auditory information, smell, Memory and emotion; left temporal lobe contains area involved in speech, function of language
What is meant by lateralization of function
some functions are processed by one side of the brain
What functions are associated with the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
language( grammar),writing,reading and arithmic= LEFT
visual-spatial tasks, patterns,faces, emotional expression, music
Aphasia
Impairment and understanding language
Apraxia
- defects in nonverbal skills
- damage to the right hemisphere
Ex. dressing apraxia – trouble putting clothes on one side of the body
- contractural apraxia-cannot copy a drawing
Broca’s area
damage to an area of the lower left frontal lobe
Warnicke’s area
- affects the left temporal lobe
- speech is meaningless
- fluent aphasia
What is meant by the term circadian rhythm
Fluctuations in biological and psychological processes that occur over 24 hour.
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?where is it located
Cluster of neurons located in the hypothalamus that govern the timing of the circadian rhythm
What role does melatonin play and sleep?
-levels of melatonin change over a 24 hour. As we fall asleep or melatonin levels increase and as we start to awake Out melatonin levels decrease
Why is the sleep – wake cycle referred to as a circadian rhythm him?
…
Describe the sleep cycle
- stage one – very light sleep
- stage two – light sleep
- stage III – deep sleep
- stage four – very deep sleep
- stage five – REM sleep
How is sleep typically study?
through an electroencephalogram that measures brain activity during sleep through monitoring brain waves
Distinguish between REM and non-REM sleep
– After stage four = REM sleep
- NREM= stages one through four
What are characteristics of RAM sleep
- muscle paralysis
- dream state
What is meant by the term REM rebound effect
Making up for lost REM sleep
Freud’s theory on dreams
Dreams contain manifest and latent content
Manifest content
The descriptions of dreams as one remembers it
Latent content
The explanation, analysis of the dream
Activation synthesis hypothesis
Use of brain waves explain dreams
Neurocognitive theory
Dreams are similar to thinking when awake without voluntary control
Dyssomnia’s
Involve disruptions in the amount, timing or quality of sleep
Dyssomnia disorders
- isomnia
- obstructive sleep apnea
- Narcolepsy
Parasomnia
sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors or events during sleep or sleep transition
What is meant by the term “psychoactive substance “
Chemicals that affect consciousness , perceptions , mood and behaviors
Substance dependence
Body and brain chemistry have physically adapted to a drug
Tolerance
The need for increasing doses of a substance to achieve the effect formally obtained from a smaller dose
Withdrawal
Unpleasant physical runs that occur when a person stops taking a drug.
Depressants
Depress or slows the function of CNS
- Alcohol -barbiturates -inhalant -tranquilizers
Stimulant and ex.
-increases brain activity
Ex. Amphetamines
-cocaine
Opiates
-produces loss of sensitivity to pain
Hallucinogens
-creates perceptual distortions and altered moods
Designer club drugs
synthetic drugs used at dance clubs and parties
examples of stimulants
caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Cociane
examples of psychedelic drugs
-LSD, marijuana , Mescaline
examples of opioids
Opium, Morphine,Codeine , Heroin, Methadone, prescribed painkillers
examples of depressants
alcohol,barbiturates,tranquilizers
Arcuate Fasciculus
Bundle of fibers that connect Wernicke’s and Boca’s areas
damage to Arcuate Fasciculus
causes Conduction Aphasia.... peech is fluent; good comprehension Difficulties producing names objects assembling phonemes into words (fff, sss)
The Split Brain
founder
split his corpus collosum to prevent the traveling from one hemisphere to another
-Roger Sperry
split brain research left functions
Left hemisphere Function
-speech and language
mathematical computation/
split brain research right functions
recognizing faces
spatial abilities
emotional response
musical tasks
Visual Agnosia
inability to identify objects visually ( «
during wakefulness these types of brain waves are transmitted
Beta brain waves
during drowsiness these types of brain waves are
Alpha brain waves. longer and more frequent than beta waves
Hypnagogic hallucinations
brief vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep. occurs during
transitional period
Dream work-(Freudian)
process that transforms latent content
Activation Synthesis Hypothesis founders
Hobson & McCarley (1977)
Neurocognitive Theory of dreaming
founder
William Domhoff( 2005, 2010)
Narcolepsy
Excessive daytime sleepiness.
Sleep attacks.
Attacks of muscle weakness (cataplexy).
Intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Life-threatening.
Flow of air to the lungs stops for at least 10 seconds.
Higher risk among men and the obese.
Sleepwalking(somnabulism)
Affects children and about 4% of adults
Can engage in elaborate behavior with no memory of it when awakened.
occurs in stage 4
Sleep Terrors
occur during Stage 4 sleep.
Affects children between ages 2 and 5.
Usually disappears as the child matures.
occur during REM sleep
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder
Sleepwalking to the kitchen & eating compulsively
not conscious of it
Sleepsex (Sexsomnia)
Involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep.
Delirium tremens
consequence of long term heavy alcohol consumption
Korsakov’s syndrome
- a severe brain impairment characterized by forgetting incidents of ones daily life activities
