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Psych Ch1 > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

define learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of behavior.

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2
Q

describe the classical conditioning model

A

and unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which elicits a response. but eventually the subject no longer needs the US, the NS becomes the CS which elicits a CR.

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3
Q

how did the work of Ivan Pavlov illuminate the mechanism underlying classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov created pavlovian conditioning which involves the repetitive pairing of a NS with a response producing stimulus until the nNS elicits the same response.

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4
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that automatically produces a response without previous training.

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5
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that before conditioning, does not elicit a particular response

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6
Q

unconditioned response

A

a response that automatically occurs in the presence of an UCS

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7
Q

conditioned response

A

a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

define discrimination

A

define generalization

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9
Q

define generalization

A

the occurrence of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

define discrimination

A

because the subject has adapted to a specific stimulus, it does not elicit the same response to other stimulis

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11
Q

define extinction

A

the CS is no longer able to elicit a CR without the UCS

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12
Q

define spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of the extinguished conditioned response after a passage of time; doesn’t last long

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13
Q

discuss the conditioning of “little Albert”

A

albert at a young age was condition to fear white rats.

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14
Q

what is the law of effect? who first discovered it?

A

responses that are “stamped in” by rewards and “stamped out” by punishment

  • reinforcers promote learning
  • Edward Lee Thorndike
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15
Q

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning ?

A

operant conditioning has to do with how consequences affect behavior

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16
Q

What American Psychologist was a major proponent of operant conditioning ?

A

B.F Skinner

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17
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presented after the target response occurs…something being added

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18
Q

negative reinforcement

A

stimulus that is removed when a response has occurred …ex medicine, buzz removed after seat belt placed

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19
Q

positive punishment

A

decreases a response…something added.

ex. speeding ticket…added to ensure people stop speeding

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20
Q

negative punishment

A

decreases a response.

  • something is taken away….
    ex. license is taken away because of unsafe driving
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21
Q

primary reinforcer…ex.

A

event or stimulus that has innate reinforcing properties.

  • no learning evolved
  • reinforces biological needs, (water, food)
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22
Q

secondary reinforcer…ex.

A

a stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a primary reinforcer
ex. Money

23
Q

what does shaping involve?

A

involves a change in the environment of the consequence in the action that determines what happens to target a behavior (response)

24
Q

Fixed ratio

A

fixed or constant # of responses are made before a reinforcer is delivered

25
Q

Fixed interval

A

response occurs after a certain amount of time elapsed

26
Q

Variable ratio

A

elapsed period of time(the # of responses made before a reinforcer is applied is varied around an average )
ex…3…than 7

27
Q

Variable interval

A

reinforcement occurs after varying time intervals

ex star gazing…

28
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

when training involves a partial schedule of reinforcement, the response will take longer to extinguish than when training involves a continuous schedule of reinforcement.

29
Q

learned helplessness….discoverer?

A

a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
-Martin Seligman

30
Q

latent learning

A

E.C Tolman(1930)
maze running experiment
wanted to find out if reinforcer was the key to learning

31
Q

observational learning

A

Bobo Doll experiment
Social Learning theory——Cognitive Learning theory
performed an experiment. theory that people learn by observing behavior and imitating what they saw. divided into 2 groups. ex. and control. Ex.live model interacting with a bobo doll in an aggressive way. Control: same model was not aggressive. Observation is what will produce the behavior. The children interacted in the way they saw. Humans learn through observation.
Learning occurs through watching or observing and imitating the behaviors observed.

32
Q

modeling

A

learning by imitation

33
Q

what is the key process involved in learning according to social learning theory?what psychologist is closely associated with the social learning theory.

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

-Albert Badura

34
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memory messes with old

35
Q

proactive interference

A

old memory messes with new

36
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

used when we want to save or maintain a memory a short period

  • used and then discarded
  • will be held in STM
37
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

One adds meaning to the material to be remembered.

- moves info into LTM

38
Q

procedural memory

A
  • memories we use in performing skilled actions

- ex. riding a bike, skating

39
Q

semantic memory

A

store in general knowledge

-ex. name of 1st US president

40
Q

episodic memory

A
  • personal experiences

- ex. graduation, prom, proposals…

41
Q

explicit memory*

A

detailed memories of situations that are very arousing, surprising, or emotional
-vivid sensation of memory

42
Q

implicit memory**

A

non conscious form of LTM

- related to identification of words and objects

43
Q

what is the encoding principle theory?

A

the principle that when conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of info encoding ,retrieval is more likely to be successful

44
Q

discuss the contributions of Hermann Ebbinghaus to the study of memory…

A

Ebbinghaus was studying forgetfulness. He used the nonsense syllable to study how associations between stimuli are formed. He created the forgetting curve and determined that memory is best right after you learn it.

45
Q

encoding failure

A

the inability to recall specific info because of insufficient encoding of the info for storage in LTM
- never got to LTM

46
Q

interference in terms of forgetting

A

the theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.

47
Q

Decay

A

the view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time.

48
Q

retrograde amnesia

A
  • a loss of memories that were stored before the traumatic event
  • can occur with physical or psychological trauma
49
Q

anterograde amnesia

A
  • inability to store new memories

- results from damage to the hippocampus

50
Q

what role does the hippocampus play in memory?

A

main system for memory storage in the brain

51
Q

what is memory consolidation?

A

-memories must”set” or consolidate to be stored in LTM

52
Q

what is alzheimer’s disease? what changes appear in the brain of patients of Alzheimer’s disease ?

A

-the loss of normal cognitive and emotional functioning as a result of memory loss. patients appear to have tangles, plaque, and disruption of cell structure and function

53
Q

tangled

A

detachiert of the tau protein causes neuron collapse

54
Q

plaque

A

build up of amyloid

Psych Ch1 (6 decks)

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