Test 3 Review Flashcards
define learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of behavior.
describe the classical conditioning model
and unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which elicits a response. but eventually the subject no longer needs the US, the NS becomes the CS which elicits a CR.
how did the work of Ivan Pavlov illuminate the mechanism underlying classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov created pavlovian conditioning which involves the repetitive pairing of a NS with a response producing stimulus until the nNS elicits the same response.
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that automatically produces a response without previous training.
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that before conditioning, does not elicit a particular response
unconditioned response
a response that automatically occurs in the presence of an UCS
conditioned response
a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
define discrimination
define generalization
define generalization
the occurrence of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus
define discrimination
because the subject has adapted to a specific stimulus, it does not elicit the same response to other stimulis
define extinction
the CS is no longer able to elicit a CR without the UCS
define spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of the extinguished conditioned response after a passage of time; doesn’t last long
discuss the conditioning of “little Albert”
albert at a young age was condition to fear white rats.
what is the law of effect? who first discovered it?
responses that are “stamped in” by rewards and “stamped out” by punishment
- reinforcers promote learning
- Edward Lee Thorndike
How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning ?
operant conditioning has to do with how consequences affect behavior
What American Psychologist was a major proponent of operant conditioning ?
B.F Skinner
positive reinforcement
presented after the target response occurs…something being added
negative reinforcement
stimulus that is removed when a response has occurred …ex medicine, buzz removed after seat belt placed
positive punishment
decreases a response…something added.
ex. speeding ticket…added to ensure people stop speeding
negative punishment
decreases a response.
- something is taken away….
ex. license is taken away because of unsafe driving
primary reinforcer…ex.
event or stimulus that has innate reinforcing properties.
- no learning evolved
- reinforces biological needs, (water, food)
secondary reinforcer…ex.
a stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a primary reinforcer
ex. Money
what does shaping involve?
involves a change in the environment of the consequence in the action that determines what happens to target a behavior (response)
Fixed ratio
fixed or constant # of responses are made before a reinforcer is delivered
Fixed interval
response occurs after a certain amount of time elapsed
Variable ratio
elapsed period of time(the # of responses made before a reinforcer is applied is varied around an average )
ex…3…than 7
Variable interval
reinforcement occurs after varying time intervals
ex star gazing…
partial reinforcement effect
when training involves a partial schedule of reinforcement, the response will take longer to extinguish than when training involves a continuous schedule of reinforcement.
learned helplessness….discoverer?
a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
-Martin Seligman
latent learning
E.C Tolman(1930)
maze running experiment
wanted to find out if reinforcer was the key to learning
observational learning
Bobo Doll experiment
Social Learning theory——Cognitive Learning theory
performed an experiment. theory that people learn by observing behavior and imitating what they saw. divided into 2 groups. ex. and control. Ex.live model interacting with a bobo doll in an aggressive way. Control: same model was not aggressive. Observation is what will produce the behavior. The children interacted in the way they saw. Humans learn through observation.
Learning occurs through watching or observing and imitating the behaviors observed.
modeling
learning by imitation
what is the key process involved in learning according to social learning theory?what psychologist is closely associated with the social learning theory.
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
-Albert Badura
retroactive interference
new memory messes with old
proactive interference
old memory messes with new
maintenance rehearsal
used when we want to save or maintain a memory a short period
- used and then discarded
- will be held in STM
elaborative rehearsal
One adds meaning to the material to be remembered.
- moves info into LTM
procedural memory
- memories we use in performing skilled actions
- ex. riding a bike, skating
semantic memory
store in general knowledge
-ex. name of 1st US president
episodic memory
- personal experiences
- ex. graduation, prom, proposals…
explicit memory*
detailed memories of situations that are very arousing, surprising, or emotional
-vivid sensation of memory
implicit memory**
non conscious form of LTM
- related to identification of words and objects
what is the encoding principle theory?
the principle that when conditions of info retrieval are similar to the conditions of info encoding ,retrieval is more likely to be successful
discuss the contributions of Hermann Ebbinghaus to the study of memory…
Ebbinghaus was studying forgetfulness. He used the nonsense syllable to study how associations between stimuli are formed. He created the forgetting curve and determined that memory is best right after you learn it.
encoding failure
the inability to recall specific info because of insufficient encoding of the info for storage in LTM
- never got to LTM
interference in terms of forgetting
the theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.
Decay
the view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time.
retrograde amnesia
- a loss of memories that were stored before the traumatic event
- can occur with physical or psychological trauma
anterograde amnesia
- inability to store new memories
- results from damage to the hippocampus
what role does the hippocampus play in memory?
main system for memory storage in the brain
what is memory consolidation?
-memories must”set” or consolidate to be stored in LTM
what is alzheimer’s disease? what changes appear in the brain of patients of Alzheimer’s disease ?
-the loss of normal cognitive and emotional functioning as a result of memory loss. patients appear to have tangles, plaque, and disruption of cell structure and function
tangled
detachiert of the tau protein causes neuron collapse
plaque
build up of amyloid
