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SEM V - Rad Pathology II > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Hormones trigger a desired reaction in the

A

Target cell

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1
Q

All organs of the endocrine system are

A

Glands

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2
Q

Target cells respond by chemical changes within the target cell, these changes are the

A

“Second messenger”

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3
Q

Steroidal hormones pass through cell membranes, integrating directly with

A

DNA

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4
Q

The endocrine system is a major controller of the body’s

A

Homeostasis

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5
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

Oppose a change (negate) in a controlled condition.

Example- if too hot, body will sweat to cool down

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6
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

Temporarily amplify the change that is occurring.

Example - if bleeding, blood flow to area of injury will increase so that platelets clot together

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7
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Growth hormone anomaly.

Normal growth years = gigantism
After normal growth years = acromegaly

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8
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Growth hormone anomaly.

Normal growth years = dwarfism

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9
Q

Oxycytosin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) are produced by the

A

Hypothalamus gland

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10
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus gland control

A

The release of anterior pituitary hormones and help control homeostasis

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11
Q

Cortex means

A

Outer

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12
Q

Medulla means

A

Inner

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13
Q

Failure of blood glucose homeostasis results in

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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14
Q

Nearly every organ and system has some

A

Endocrine function

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15
Q

Gherlin

A

Lining of the stomach - the “hunger hormone”

Boosts appetite, slows metabolism

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16
Q

Leptin

A

Fat cells

Regulates hunger, fat burning.

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17
Q

Osteoporosis is considered

A

A destructive pathology and will require a decrease in technique (KVP) when imaging

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18
Q

Bone demsitometry (DEXA)

A

Dual energy xray absorptionmetry
Routine, scans done of AP lumbar spine and AP bilateral hips
Patient scan results are compared to:
-A person in peak bone health (t-score)
-a person of similar age, ht., wt, sex, ethnicity (z-score)
-patient ranked into one of 3 categories (normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis)

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19
Q

Causes of bone loss

A

Aging, ethnicity, post menopausal hormone changes, body habitus, poor diets, inactivity, certain long term meds (steroids, anti-convulsants)

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20
Q

Radiographic appearance of bone loss

A

Cortical bone thinning
Resorption of the endosteal (inner bone) w/irregularities
Best demonstrated in spine and pelvis
Compression fractures or anterior displacement of vertebral bodies on one another
In the skull, may demonstrate a spotty loss of density and bone loss in the sella turcica and dorsum sallae

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21
Q

Treatment of bone loss

A

Prevention is the best cure:

Weight baring exercise, hormone replacement therapy, adequate vitamin/mineral intake, supplements, medications

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22
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton after closure of the epiphyseal plates, caused by inadequate intake of calcium, vitamin d, and phosphorus

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23
Q

Radiographic appearance of Paget’s In the skull

A

a well defined area of radiolucency is seen in the destructive phase of the disease. In the repair process,there is marked development of ossified islands that give the skull a mottled appearance.

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24
Q

Radiographic appearance of Paget’s in the spine

A

Enlargement of the vertebral body occurs with an increase in cortical bone. Occasionally there is a sclerotic appearance of the entire vertebra known as “ivory vertebra”

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25
Q

Treatment for Paget’s disease

A

There is no known cure that exists.

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26
Q

The progression of Paget’s disease can be slowed by

A

Administering bio phosphates and calcitonin - these meds minimize the resorption of bones and inhibit osteoclastic activity.

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27
Q

Dwarfism

A

Insufficient secretion of growth hormone in the adolescent - bones do not grow

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28
Q

Normal fasting blood glucose =

A

70-120mg/dL

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29
Q

Blood glucose greater than 120 =

A

Diabetes

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30
Q

Alpha cells

A

Glucagon

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31
Q

Beta cells =

A

Insulin

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32
Q

Iodine deficiency is known to cause

A

Goiter

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33
Q

Risk factors for type II diabetes

A

Age (especially after age 40), obesity, inactivity, African and Hispanic descent, Native American and pacific island descent

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34
Q

Parathyroid function

A

Blood calcium homeostasis, increases blood calcium

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35
Q

Malignant thyroid neoplasms are treated by

A

Thyroidectomy

I123 therapy (to ablate any residual cancerous tissue)

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36
Q

Cretinism developmental abnormalities include

A

Short stature, protruding tongue, sparse hair, dry skin, protruding abdomen, mental retardation, underdevelopment of face and calvaria

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37
Q

Endocrine

A

“Within the organ” - gland secretions absorbed directly into the bloodstream

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38
Q

Exocrine

A

“Out of organ” - gland secretions carried by duct

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39
Q

Target cells

A

“Target of hormone” - specific cells that bind to specific hormones

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40
Q

Nonsteroidal hormones

A

Water soluable, act as “first messengers”, chemical message from gland to target cells, hormone binds to to target cell receptors which respond by chemical changes within the target cells

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41
Q

Steroidal hormones

A

Lipid (fat) soluable, able to pass through cell and nuclear membranes into nucleus, hormones act upon the cell DNA, formation of a new protien in cytoplasm which produces the desired response.

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42
Q

Hyper secretion of hormones results in

A

Exaggerated response of target cells due to too much of the hormone being produced

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43
Q

Hypo secretion of hormones will result in

A

Insufficient response of target cells due to too little of the hormone being produced

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44
Q

Homeostasis

A

“Staying”, “same” a maintenance of a relative consistency (temperature, salt content, pH, fluid volume, pressure, oxygen concentration)

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45
Q

Prostaglandins/tissue hormones

A

Produced in a tissue, diffuse only a short distance into tissue, act only on cells within that tissue, do not travel through blood stream; effect many body functions (respiration, blood pressure, gastro secretions, inflammation, reproductive systems)

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46
Q

Pituitary gland/hypophysis/”master gland”

A

Small (about pea sized) but mighty; 2 different glands - anterior and posterior protected by a bony structure of the sella turcica and sphenoid bone

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47
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland which secretes tropic hormones

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48
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which releases two hormones, ADH and oxycytosine

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49
Q

Sella turcica

A

Protects the pituitary gland along with the sphenoid

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50
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Stimulates other glands (endocrine) to secrete hormones (TSH, ACTH, ESH, LH)

51
Q

TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to increase secretion of hormone

52
Q

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Stimulates adrenal gland to increase secretion of hormone

53
Q

FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle to grow, stimulates secretion of estrogen

54
Q

LH - Luteinizing Hormone

A

stimulates mature ovarian follicle cell to rupture; ripe ovum expelled from ovary

55
Q

HGH - human growth hormone

A

Acceleration of cellular anabolism

56
Q

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

A

Hormone released by neurohypophysis; decreases urine volume

57
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone released by neurohypophysis which stimulates labor in gestational female and stimulates production of milk in breasts

58
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis of body temperature, thirst, appetite, produces ADH and oxycytosine, also produces releasing and inhibiting hormones

59
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin; positioned in the anterior neck, just inferior to the larynx

60
Q

T3 - triiodothyronine

A

Hormone released by thyroid which controls homeostasis of cellular metabolism

61
Q

T4 - Thyroxine

A

Hormone secreted by the thyroid

62
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium, carries calcium from blood into storage within bones

63
Q

Metabolism

A

Regulated by thyroid hormones, set of life sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. Allow growth, reproduction, maintenance of structures and respond to environment.

64
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Located on the posterior thyroid gland, secretes PTH (parathyroid hormone)

65
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

Increases blood calcium, carries calcium from storage within bones to the blood

66
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Located on the superior aspect of the kidneys, each has 2 glands within the cortex and medulla

67
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outermost portion of the adrenal gland with 3 cell layers that secrete “corticoids” (aldosterone, cortisol, androgen)

68
Q

Corticoids

A

Hormones from the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone, cortisol, androgen

69
Q

Aldosterone

A

Mineral cortoids

70
Q

Cortisol

A

Glucocorticoids

71
Q

Androgen

A

Sex hormones (both male and female)

72
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Innermost portion of the adrenal gland, secretes the “fight or flight” hormones

73
Q

Adrenaline/epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

Related hormones secreted by the adrenal gland, “fight or flight” hormones

74
Q

Pancreas

A

Controls homeostasis of blood glucose levels,

Contains pancreatic islets cells or islets of langerhans

75
Q

Islet cells/islets of langerhans

A

Specialized hormone producing cells spread throughout the pancreas

76
Q

Glucose

A

Produced by alpha cells, glucose from storage to blood.

77
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by beta cells, glucose from blood to storage

78
Q

Ovaries

A

Primary female sex glands that produce two hormones, estrogen and progesterone

79
Q

Estrogen

A

Hormone produced by female developing ovarian follicles, responsible for female characteristics,
Preparation for pregnancy

80
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone produced by the deteriorating corpus luteum,

Preparation for mensturation

81
Q

Ovarian follicle/Graafian follicle

A

Fully developed ovarian follicle

82
Q

Ovulation

A

Extrusion of an ovum by rupture of a follicle

83
Q

Testes/testicles

A

Primary male sex glands found within the scrotum, produce sperm cells, fluid for ejaculate, and testosterone

84
Q

Testosterone

A

Hormone produced by male testicles that give male characteristics

85
Q

Thymus gland

A

Located in the upper mediastinum containing a cortex and a medulla, composed largely of lymphocytes

86
Q

Thymosine

A

A combination of several hormones secreted by the thymus gland, function is development and function of the immune system

87
Q

Placenta

A

A temporary endocrine gland, during pregnancy only which produces chorionic gonadotropins and limited production of estrogen and progesterone

88
Q

Chorionic gonadotropins

A

Hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy

89
Q

Pineal gland

A

Located near the 3rd ventricle of the brain, responds to sensory input from the eyes.
Aka 3rd eye
Secretes hormone melatonin

90
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland, makes a person sleepy, increases at night and decreases during the day

91
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Our “body clock” of sleep and wake cycle, controlled by the pineal gland

92
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

“Bile bladder move”

Small intestine sensors detect presence of fatty food, cholecystokinin released into blood stream, signals gall bladder to contract, bile expelled into small intestine

93
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreased bone mineral density, usually caused by osteoclast activity surpassing osteoblasts. May also occur with prolonged steroidal use or prolonged immobilization of extremities

94
Q

Radiographic appearance of osteoporosis

A

Must be severe enough to detect (50-70% loss) on plain film. Can be diagnosed by DEXA (bone densitometry) or QCT (quantative computerized tomography)

95
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Failure of bony calcification, insufficient mineralization of adult skeleton after closure of the epiphyseal plates.

96
Q

Radiographic appearance of osteomalacia

A

Loss of bone density, thinning of cortical bone, deossification of medullary cavity. Maybe bent due to stress and loss of minerals (most often pelvis, vertebrae, thorax, and proximal extremities)

97
Q

Paget’s disease/osteitis deformans

A

Metabolic disorder of unknown etiology, destruction occurs first followed by repair which results in weak, deformed, thickened bone that fractures easily. Usually occurs in mid life and occurs in men 2 times more than women

98
Q

Radiographic appearance of Paget’s

A

Pelvis most common and initial site of manifestation, increase of bone along the iliac bone margins, thickens pelvic brim. Long bone destruction starts at one end and extends along the shaft and usually ends in a well defined v-shaped pattern. Upon repair bone is enlarged and wide cortex bone.

99
Q

Acromegaly

A

Disturbance of the pituitary gland, most commonly adenoma, excessive secretion of HGH, bones in adult skeleton can no longer grow in length this grow thicker and denser

100
Q

Radiographic appearance of acromegaly

A

Thicker and dense bone. Prominent forehead and jaw, widened teeth, large hands, coarse facial features

101
Q

Gigantism

A

Hyper secretions of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland during adolescence

102
Q

Radiographic appearance of gigantism

A

Long bones due to hyper secretion of skeleton not at skeletal maturity when epiphyseal plates still open

103
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Neurogenic in origin, deficiency of vasopressin, posterior pituitary, insufficient levels of ADH - antidiuretic hormone, treated with hormone replacement therapy

104
Q

Polydipsia

A

Abnormally great thirst - a symptom of diabetes insipidus

105
Q

Polyuria

A

Abnormally great urination - a symptom of diabetes insipidus

106
Q

Cushing’s syndrome/hypercorticolism

A

Excessive adrenal cortex hormones, hyper secretion of glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex

107
Q

Signs/symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Thinning of skin, moon face, obesity above waist, reddish rounded face, buffalo hump, slow growth in children, skin infections and acne, easy bruising, purplish marks similar to the appearance if stretch marks

108
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive hair growth, a symptom of female patients with Cushing’s syndrome have along with increased androgen and irregular menstural cycles

109
Q

Addison’s disease/hypercorticolism

A

Insufficient adrenal cortex hormones due to autoimmune, infection, neoplasm, hemorrhage,.
Insufficient cortisol, aldosterone, and androgen

110
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Types 1 & 2, chronic hyperglycemia

111
Q

Type 1 - juvenile diabetes

A

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, no insulin produced

112
Q

Signs and symptoms of type 1 juvenile diabetes

A

Weight loss, fluctuating blood glucose, polydipsia/polyuria, increased appetite, ketoacidosis, circulatory disorders

113
Q

Type 1 Juvenile Diabetes is treated by

A

Insulin, glucose monitoring

114
Q

Type 2 Adult onset diabetes

A

Insulin resistance and inadequate secretion of insulin

115
Q

Signs and symptoms of type 2 adult onset diabetes

A

Deceased circulation, deceased neurological response, specifically into lower extremities, can result in ulcers, infection, gangrene, and even amputation

116
Q

Type 2 adult onset diabetes is treated by

A

Oral antihyperglycemics, weight loss, exercise

117
Q

Graves’ disease/hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive production of TSH, autoimmune thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism

118
Q

Signs/symptoms of Graves’ disease

A

Enlarged thyroid gland, goiter, changes to eyes and skin, hyperactivity, nervousness, weight loss

119
Q

Hashimotos disease/hypothyroidism

A

Insufficient production of TSH, autoimmune thyroiditic, hypothyroid

120
Q

Signs and symptoms of hashimotos disease

A

Decreased energy, cold intolerance, personality changes, modest weight gain, brittle nails, constipation, depression, puffy eyes

121
Q

Cretinism

A

Congenital hypothyroidism which results in growth retardation, developmental delays, and other abnormal features

122
Q

Goiter

A

Mass around the neck/thyroid

Cause is thought to be iodine deficiency

123
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Bulging of the eyes

124
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Over activity of parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone

125
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A

Fatigue/weakness, anorexia, weight loss, polydipsia/polyuria, pancreatitis, peptic ulcers, gout, osteopenia

126
Q

Nephrocalcinosis

A

Disturbance of calcium metabolism within the renal parenchyma

SEM V - Rad Pathology II (7 decks)

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