Test 2 Flashcards
External reproductive structures of the male include:
penis and scrotum
Internal reproductive structures of the male include:
testes, ductus or vas deferens, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands
Structures enclosed by the scrotal sac:
testes, epididymides, spermatic cords, and part of the ductus deferens
Testes:
primary male sex glands, paired and found within the male scrotum
Seminiferous tubules:
sperm cell formation, create fluid for ejaculate
The scrotum is 3 degrees cooler than the normal body temperature and will either
sag or rise to maintain temperature
Spermatozoa is produced in:
seminiferous tubules
Spermatozoa matures in:
epididymis as a product of meiosis
Spermatozoa contain:
head, body/mid piece, tail
Epididymis:
oblong structure attached to superior and laterosuperior aspects of the testes whose function is storage and maturation of sperm cells
Vas deferens aka:
ductus deferens
The male reproductive ducts include:
vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra
The ductus deferens (aka vas deferens) is:
16-18” long and extends from the tail of the epididymis to posteroinferior surface of the urinary bladder
Ampulla:
expanded end of the ductus deferens that serves as a reservoir for seminal fluid and unites with seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the:
vas deferens and duct of the seminal vesicle, averages 1/2” long, originates behind neck of bladder and enter the base of prostate
Seminal vesicles is approximately
2” long and situated obliquely on lateroposterior surface of bladder and functions to add fluid volume to ejaculate
Bulbourethral glands aka
Cowper’s glands
Bulbourethral glands secrete fluid into
urethra just prior to ejaculation (pre cum) and lubricate urethra
Prostate:
accessory genital organ averaging 1.25” long and encircles proximal portion of uretha and lies anterior to rectal ampulla
The prostate function is to
produce fluid to give volume to ejaculate
Male semen:
roughly 3-5ml of ejaculate, each ml contains 100 million sperm cells
Functions of male penis:
convey urine (urethra), penetration of female (erectile tissue), passage of semen (urethra)
Erectile tissue:
spongy tissue of penis which engorges with blood to form an erection
Corpus cavernosum (2):
penile erectile tissue
Corpus spongiosum (1):
surrounds the urethra
Glans penis aka:
penile tip
Prepuce aka:
foreskin
Internal structures of the female reproductive system consist of:
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Ovaries:
primary female sex glands which produce two hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
Estrogen:
produced by developing ovarian follicles responsible for female characteristics, “preparation” for pregnancy
Progesterone:
produced by the corpus luteum, “preparation” for menstruation
Ovaries:
two small glandular, almond shaped organs located on each side near the lateral wall of the pelvis
the internal secretion of the ovaries:
controls menstrual cycle
The external secretion of the ovaries is:
the ova, the female reproductive cell
Medulla:
core of vascular tissue
Cortex:
outer glandular tissue containing ovarian follicles
Each follicle contains:
one ovum
Graafian follicle:
fully developed ovarian follicle
Ovulation:
extrusion of an ovum by rupture of a follicle
Uterus:
pear shaped muscular organ situated in the central part of pelvic cavity posterior to urinary bladder and anterior to rectal ampulla
The nulliparous uterus is:
about 3” long
Nulliparity:
condition of having borne no children (woman)
The female uterus contains four parts:
Fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix
Fundus:
blunt, rounded superior portion of uterus
Body of uterus:
narrows from the Fundus to the isthmus
Isthmus:
superior part of the cervix; constricted area between the body and cervix
Cervix:
cylindric vaginal end of the uterus
Fornix:
cuff like area surrounding the cervix
The uterine cavity is triangular shaped
when viewed in the frontal plane
Endometrium:
inner mucosal lining of uterine cavity
Functions of the uterus:
receive and retain fertilized ovum until fetal development is complete, and expel mature fetus during birth
Uterine tubes aka:
Fallopian tubes
The uterine tubes collect the
ova released by the ovaries and convey it to the uterine cavity, approximately 3-5” long
Each uterine tube is divided into three parts:
isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum
Isthmus of uterine tube:
short segment near uterus
Ampulla of uterine tube:
majority of tube
Infundibulum:
terminal, lateral portion or uterine tube, flared in appearance which ends in a series of irregular prolonged processes called fimbriae which “sweep” ova into tube
Zygote:
a fertilized egg
Female external genitalia:
clitoris, labia, bartholins glands
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Clitoris:
sensitive external female generalized containing erectile tissue
Labia:
“lips” of female external genitalia containing major labia and minor labia
Bartholins glands:
provide lubircating fluid for female genitalia located on either side of vaginal opening
Menstrual cycle:
oocytes develops withing ovarian follicle, as follicle grows it produces estrogen, follicle matures (graafian follicle), follicle ruptures (ovulation), oocyte is expelled into peritoneum, follicle now called corpus luteum, corpus luteum slowly breaks down, as it breaks down it produces progesterone
Breast anatomy:
lobular, glandular structures located in the superficial fascia of the anterolateral wall of the thorax which vary considerably in size and shape
Female breasts are
secondary sex characteristics
Breasts and mammary glands are
synonymous
Breasts are usually
cone shaped with the base overlying the pectorals major and serratus anterior muscles
The Axillary tail of the breast
extends upper, lateral base to the Axillary fossa
Coopers ligaments
support breasts
There are 15-20 lobes
in the adult female breast
Each lobe of the breast is divided into
many lobules which are the basic structural unit of the breast
Lobules of the breasts include:
several acini, draining ducts, and inter lobule stromatolites (connective tissue)
involution:
the normal process of decreasing lobule size (breast) with age and after pregnancy
Acini:
glandular elements of breast lobules
Lactiferous ductules are formed by:
the openings of each acini
Lymphatic vessels of breast drain into two sets of nodes:
the axillary lymph nodes laterally and the internal mammary lymph nodes medially
Axillary nodes are often evaluated on:
mammograms
Glandular tissue:
increases during pregnancy and lactation, decreases postpartum and with age
Connective tissue:
dense and casts homogenous shadow, the primary component of postpubertal adolescent breast
Fatty tissue:
replaces glandular tissue after lactation and advancing age, increases natural radiograohic contrast
Nonpregnant female radiographic procedures:
HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY (hsg), pelvic pneumonography, vaginography
Pregnant female radiographic procedures:
FETOGRAPHY, PELVIMETRY, fetal cephalometry
Male radiographic procedures:
seminal ducts (vesiculography, epididymography), prostatography, cavernosogram
Nongravid
not pregnant
Nulliparity -
having never borne a child
Bicornuate uterus -
The most common congenital anomaly of the female reproductive system where the uterus is divided into a pair of “horns” which are linked to its own fallopian tube (2 ovaries, 1 cervix, 1 vagina)
Unicornuate uterus -
a single elongated uterine cavity with a single Fallopian tube which can have 1 or 2 ovaries, 1 cervix, and 1 vagina; usually asymptomatic
Uterus didelphys -
very rare anomaly with a complete duplication of uterus, cervix, vagina (one vagina is usually larger than the other)
Anteverted uterus -
where the uterus is tilted forward towards the bladder, common in approximately 75% of women
Mastitis -
Inflammation of the breast, usually bacterial, most commonly caused by staph, and commonly occurs with breast feeding, signs include pain, redness, swelling, temperature, abscess formation, treatment is antibiotics
Follicular ovarian cyst -
a type of functional[ simple cyst, and is the most common type of ovarian cyst which can form when ovulation doesn’t occur, and a follicle doesn’t rupture or release its egg but instead grows until it becomes a cyst
Corpus luteum cyst -
a type of ovarian cyst which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely. may contain blood and other fluids; the physical shape may appear as an enlargement of the ovary itself, rather than a distinct mass -like growth on the surface of the ovary.
Endometriosis -
hormonal and immune system disease in which cells similar to that which line the uterus (endometrium) grow outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the peritoneum. Common symptoms are pain and infertility. The pain often is worse with the menstrual cycle and is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea.
Polycystic ovaries -
Enlarged ovaries with small cysts. Can cause endocrina abnormalities and can result in amennorhea and or sterility
Dermoid cyst/cystic teratoma -
benign neoplasm which arise from unfertilized ova and can contain hair, teeth, thyroid tissue, and sebaceous secretions. Have to be surgically removed
Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary -
a malignant form of a cystic adenoma developed in the ovary(s), the most common malignant ovarian tumor
Cervical carcinoma -
cancer arising from the cervix, due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. HPV seems to be the cause of over 90% of cases
Cervical dysplasia -
abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. HPV infection is the cause of these changes
Leiomyoma/Uterine fibroid -
benign tumors that arise from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the uterus
Endometrial carcinoma -
most common gynecological malignancy, frequently present with vaginal bleeding
Fibroadenoma -
fibrous non cancerous breast tumors that occur most often in adolescent girls and women under age 30. A firm, smooth, rubbery growth, or hard lump with well defined shape
Fibrocystic breasts -
breasts that are lumpy in one or both, can be tender or painful, a very common benign condition mainly affecting women over age 30
Breast carcinoma -
cancer that forms in the tissue of the breast, most common type is ductal carcinoma which begins in the lining of the milk ducts
Oligohydramnios -
too little amniotic fluid present, fetus swallows amniotic fluid - normal, fetal urination after kidneys develop – normal, adds to amniotic volume, too little fluid = fetal urinary anomalies
Polyhydramnios -
too much amniotic fluid present, fetus is unable to swallow fluid, Anencephaly or gastrointestinal obstruction, an indicator of fetal distress or fetal death
Ectopic pregnancy -
Development of embryo outside of uterus, most commonly seen in fallopian tube, aka tubal pregnancy, fetus cannot survive, risk of rupture and hemorrhage
Placenta previa -
a problem in which the placenta grows in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening of the cervix
Placental abruption -
a complication in pregnancy where the placental lining has been separated from the uterus of the mother prior to delivery
Placenta percreta -
a condition in which the placenta invades the uterine wall and can cause an incomplete rupture of the uterus
Hydatidiform mole -
a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy
Cryptorchism -
failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotom
Erectile dysfunction -
the inability of a man to have an erection hard enough to have sexual intercourse
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) -
enlarged prostate usually idiopathic in men age 50+, not a cancer
TURP –
transurethral resection of prostate - a type of prostate surgery done to relieve moderate to severe urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate
Prostatic calculi -
small stones in the prostate gland which do not cause symptoms
Prostatic adenocarcinoma -
prostate cancer starting in the prostate gland and can spread if not treated early, is second to skin cancer as the most common form of cancer in men
Cryptorchism -
the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum, the most common birth defect of the male genetalia
Orchitis -
inflammation of the testicles, usually bacterial and bilateral, treated with antibiotics
Hydrocele/Spermatocele -
pathological accumulation of serous fluid, a benign cystic accumulation of sperm that arises from the head of the epididymis
Testicular seminoma -
the most common testicular tumors accounting for approximately 45% of all primary testicular tumors
Testicular teratoma -
type of germ cell testicular tumor that may include mature elements such as hair, muscle, and bone. May be benign or malignant
Testicular embryonal carcinoma -
relatively uncommon type of germ cell tumor occurring in the testes, average age at diagnosis is 31 years and is usually in the form of a testicular lump
Testicular choriocarcinoma -
rare, germ cell testicular tumor/cancer in adult males, has the worst prognosis of all germ cell cancers
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Bacterial infection of female reproductive system, Specifically uterine tubes, Usually bilateral
Common pathogens: gonorrhea, staph, strep
Treated with antibiotics
Placenta
Temporary organ of pregnancy
Exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste
Brachytherapy
Insertion of radioactive “seeds” (prostate and breast)
–Iodine 125, Palladium 103
Nongravid
not pregnant
Nulliparity -
having never borne a child
Bicornuate uterus -
The most common congenital anomaly of the female reproductive system where the uterus is divided into a pair of “horns” which are linked to its own fallopian tube (2 ovaries, 1 cervix, 1 vagina)
Unicornuate uterus -
a single elongated uterine cavity with a single Fallopian tube which can have 1 or 2 ovaries, 1 cervix, and 1 vagina; usually asymptomatic
Uterus didelphys -
very rare anomaly with a complete duplication of uterus, cervix, vagina (one vagina is usually larger than the other)
Anteverted uterus -
where the uterus is tilted forward towards the bladder, common in approximately 75% of women
Mastitis -
Inflammation of the breast, usually bacterial, most commonly caused by staph, and commonly occurs with breast feeding, signs include pain, redness, swelling, temperature, abscess formation, treatment is antibiotics
Follicular ovarian cyst -
a type of functional[ simple cyst, and is the most common type of ovarian cyst which can form when ovulation doesn’t occur, and a follicle doesn’t rupture or release its egg but instead grows until it becomes a cyst
Corpus luteum cyst -
a type of ovarian cyst which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely. may contain blood and other fluids; the physical shape may appear as an enlargement of the ovary itself, rather than a distinct mass -like growth on the surface of the ovary.
Endometriosis -
hormonal and immune system disease in which cells similar to that which line the uterus (endometrium) grow outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the peritoneum. Common symptoms are pain and infertility. The pain often is worse with the menstrual cycle and is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea.
Polycystic ovaries -
Enlarged ovaries with small cysts. Can cause endocrina abnormalities and can result in amennorhea and or sterility
Dermoid cyst/cystic teratoma -
benign neoplasm which arise from unfertilized ova and can contain hair, teeth, thyroid tissue, and sebaceous secretions. Have to be surgically removed
Cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary -
a malignant form of a cystic adenoma developed in the ovary(s), the most common malignant ovarian tumor
Cervical carcinoma -
cancer arising from the cervix, due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to spread to other parts of the body. HPV seems to be the cause of over 90% of cases
Cervical dysplasia -
abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. HPV infection is the cause of these changes
Leiomyoma/Uterine fibroid -
benign tumors that arise from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the uterus
Endometrial carcinoma -
most common gynecological malignancy, frequently present with vaginal bleeding
Fibroadenoma -
fibrous non cancerous breast tumors that occur most often in adolescent girls and women under age 30. A firm, smooth, rubbery growth, or hard lump with well defined shape
Fibrocystic breasts -
breasts that are lumpy in one or both, can be tender or painful, a very common benign condition mainly affecting women over age 30
Breast carcinoma -
cancer that forms in the tissue of the breast, most common type is ductal carcinoma which begins in the lining of the milk ducts
Oligohydramnios -
too little amniotic fluid present, fetus swallows amniotic fluid - normal, fetal urination after kidneys develop – normal, adds to amniotic volume, too little fluid = fetal urinary anomalies
Polyhydramnios -
too much amniotic fluid present, fetus is unable to swallow fluid, Anencephaly or gastrointestinal obstruction, an indicator of fetal distress or fetal death
Ectopic pregnancy -
Development of embryo outside of uterus, most commonly seen in fallopian tube, aka tubal pregnancy, fetus cannot survive, risk of rupture and hemorrhage
Placenta previa -
a problem in which the placenta grows in the lowest part of the womb (uterus) and covers all or part of the opening of the cervix
Placental abruption -
a complication in pregnancy where the placental lining has been separated from the uterus of the mother prior to delivery
Placenta percreta -
a condition in which the placenta invades the uterine wall and can cause an incomplete rupture of the uterus
Hydatidiform mole -
a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy
Cryptorchism -
failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotom
Erectile dysfunction -
the inability of a man to have an erection hard enough to have sexual intercourse
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) -
enlarged prostate usually idiopathic in men age 50+, not a cancer
TURP –
transurethral resection of prostate - a type of prostate surgery done to relieve moderate to severe urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate
Prostatic calculi -
small stones in the prostate gland which do not cause symptoms
Prostatic adenocarcinoma -
prostate cancer starting in the prostate gland and can spread if not treated early, is second to skin cancer as the most common form of cancer in men
Cryptorchism -
the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum, the most common birth defect of the male genetalia
Orchitis -
inflammation of the testicles, usually bacterial and bilateral, treated with antibiotics
Hydrocele/Spermatocele -
pathological accumulation of serous fluid, a benign cystic accumulation of sperm that arises from the head of the epididymis
Testicular seminoma -
the most common testicular tumors accounting for approximately 45% of all primary testicular tumors
Testicular teratoma -
type of germ cell testicular tumor that may include mature elements such as hair, muscle, and bone. May be benign or malignant
Testicular embryonal carcinoma -
relatively uncommon type of germ cell tumor occurring in the testes, average age at diagnosis is 31 years and is usually in the form of a testicular lump
Testicular choriocarcinoma -
rare, germ cell testicular tumor/cancer in adult males, has the worst prognosis of all germ cell cancers
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Bacterial infection of female reproductive system, Specifically uterine tubes, Usually bilateral
Common pathogens: gonorrhea, staph, strep
Treated with antibiotics
Placenta
Temporary organ of pregnancy
Exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste
Brachytherapy
Insertion of radioactive “seeds” (prostate and breast)
–Iodine 125, Palladium 103
Testicular torsion
Torsion means “to twist”
Twisting of the spermatic cord within scrotum
Often the result of trauma
