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SEM V - Rad Pathology II > Final Final - Rad II > Flashcards

Final Final - Rad II Flashcards

0
Q

Overall image blackness

A

Density

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1
Q

The visibility of fin anatomical structures is

A

Detail

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2
Q

Changes in human anatomy that result in decreased tissue density

A

Destructive pathology

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3
Q

The area where electrons impact the anode

A

True focal spot

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4
Q

All of the following are synonymous with detail

A

Resolution, definition, sharpness

NOT contrast

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5
Q

The photon strength in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as

A

KVP

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6
Q

The disparity in xray intensity between cathode and anode ends of the X-ray tube is known as

A

Anode heel effect

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7
Q

The number of electrons thermionically emitted from the filament is known as

A

MA

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8
Q

The total number of electrons traveling from cathode to anode is measured as

A

MAS

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9
Q

To manipulate the density/brightness of a digital image the tech will adjust

A

Window level

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10
Q

When the patient contributes to the image contrast is known as

A

Subject contrast

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11
Q

The number of X-rays in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as

A

MAS

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12
Q

The true focal spot projected towards the patient is known as

A

Effective focal spot

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13
Q

Materials that temporarily decrease the atomic number of an anatomical structure are known as

A

Negative contrast agents

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14
Q

Intentionally magnifying the area of anatomical interest is known as

A

Macroradiography

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15
Q

Changes in human anatomy that result in increased tissue density are known as

A

Additive pathology

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16
Q

An image that is mainly black and white and possesses few grays exhibits

A

High contrast

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17
Q

The portion of the radiographic image that represents an objects true size is known as

A

Umbra

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18
Q

To manipulate the contrast of a digital image the tech must adjust the

A

Window width

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19
Q

The height of the lead strips related to the distance between the lead strips is the formula for calculating

A

Grid ratio

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20
Q

The minimum xray energy that will adequately penetrate a given body part is known as

A

Effective KV

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21
Q

Blooming of focal spot

A

Electrons as they move from cathode to anode

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22
Q

Exposure latitude

A

Margin for technique error

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23
Q

Size distortion

A

Too much OID magnified the object

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24
Q

Shape distortion

A

Penumbra

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25
Q

Quantum mottle

A

Grainy image as a result of not enough X-rays

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26
Q

Positive contrast agent

A

Materials that temporarily increase the atomic number of an anatomical structure

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27
Q

Long scale contrast

A

Many shades of gray

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28
Q

Differential absorption

A

Differing habitus absorb xray at differing rates

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29
Q

High contrast

A

Black and white image with few grays

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30
Q

The nine penny test is performed to evaluate

A

Xray to light field alignment

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31
Q

Focal spot size is allowed to vary no more than

A

+/-50%

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32
Q

The required frequency for performing protective apparel testing is

A

Annually

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33
Q

Exposure reproducibility is allowed to vary no more than

A

+/-5%

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34
Q

The required frequency for performing screen speed uniformity testing is

A

Annually

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35
Q

KVP accuracy is allowed to vary by no more than

A

+/-10%

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36
Q

The ESE for general fluoroscopy may not exceed

A

10R/min

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37
Q

The ESE for interventional fluoroscopy may not exceed

A

20R/min

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38
Q

Exposure timer accuracy for greater than 10ms exposures is allowed to vary by no more than

A

+/-5%

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39
Q

The density difference on a darkroom fog test general radiography may not be greater than

A

.08 OD

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40
Q

The developer temperature recorded during sensitometry is allowed to vary by no more than

A

+/-2 degrees F

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41
Q

The required frequency for performing sensitometry is

A

Semiannually

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42
Q

The required frequency for performing film/screen contact testing is

A

Annual

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43
Q

The required frequency for performing collimator dial accuracy testing is

A

Semiannual

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44
Q

With sensitometry contrast is allowed to vary by no more than

A

.15

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45
Q

Xray to light field alignment is allowed to vary by no more than

A

+/-2%

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46
Q

The standard light bulb for an xray illuminator box is

A

15 watt daylight fluorescent

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47
Q

SID accuracy is allowed to vary by no more than

A

+/-2%

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48
Q

The required frequency for performing reproducibility testing is

A

Annual

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49
Q

The required frequency for performing linearity testing is

A

Annual

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50
Q

The required frequency for performing HVL testing is

A

Annual

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51
Q

Focal spot size may be evaluated by

A

Pin hole camera
Slit camera
Star pattern

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52
Q

The required frequency for performing darkroom fog testing is

A

Semiannual

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53
Q

Exposure linearity is allowed to vary no more than

A

+/-10%

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54
Q

The wire mesh test is performed to evaluate

A

Film screen contact

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55
Q

The required frequency for performing filtration testing is

A

Annual

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56
Q

The minimum allowable total xray beam filtration is

A

2.5mm AL/EQ

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57
Q

The required frequency for performing KVP accuracy is

A

Annual

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58
Q

The density difference on a darkroom fog test for mammography may not be greater than

A

.05 OD

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59
Q

Exposure timer accuracy for less than 10ms exposures is allowed to vary no more than

A

+/-20%

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60
Q

The required frequency for performing exposure timer accuracy testing is

A

Annual

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61
Q

Screen speed uniformity is allowed to vary no more than

A

+/-10%

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62
Q

Collimator dial accuracy is allowed to vary no more than

A

+/-2% of SID

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63
Q

The light intensity across the entire surface of an xray view box is allowed to vary by no more than

A

+/-10%

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64
Q

When using positive beam limitation the light field is allowed to vary from the film size by no more than

A

+/-2% of the SID

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65
Q

The number of HVLs required to reduce a 78mR beam to less than 10mR is

A

3 HVLs

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66
Q

Latent image is made manifest in

A

Developer

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67
Q

Modern film screen imaging amount of film exposure due to visible light is

A

90-99%

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68
Q

Function of wash section is to

A

Remove fixer from the emulsion

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69
Q

Emission of visible light from a phosphor crystal is

A

Luminescence

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70
Q

Sequence of order for film processor is

A

Developer, fixer, washer, dryer

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71
Q

Brown tint that develops in processed xray film while in storage is

A

Smog

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72
Q

Color of visible light emitted by a phosphor crystal is

A

Spectral emission

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73
Q

Radiographic film contrast increases as film latitude

A

Decreases

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74
Q

Addition of an electron to a positively charged silver ion is

A

Reduction

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75
Q

Portion of sensitometric curve representing minimum optical density is

A

Base + fog

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76
Q

Invisible image held in chemical code within the films emulsion layer is

A

Latent image

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77
Q

Size if films silver halide crystals increases the films screen speed

A

Increases

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78
Q

Addition of electron to a positively charged silver ion results in

A

Black metallic silver

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79
Q

The wash section is filled with

A

Filtered water

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80
Q

The temperature of developer solution is

A

95 degrees

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81
Q

Stored film is sensitive to (can be fogged by)

A

Visible light, high temperature, and chemical vapor

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82
Q

Color of visible light film is most sensitive to known as

A

Spectral sensitivity

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83
Q

Rate at which sensitometry must be performed is

A

Daily

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84
Q

As the Amount of reduction in films emulsion decreases the effect on film is

A

Decreased density

85
Q

Layer that holds the anatomical image is

A

Emulsion

86
Q

Auto processor emulsion shrunk and film is sealed in dryer by

A

Hot air

87
Q

Removal of unreduced silver halide crystals happens in

A

The fixer

88
Q

Function of reducing agents(electron soup) is to

A

Change silver ions into black metallic silver

89
Q

Panchromatic film is sensitive to

A

All colored light

90
Q

As Radiographic film speed increases film detail and image quality

A

Decreases

91
Q

Very weak bond that holds silver halide crystals together is

A

Ionic bond

92
Q

Developer solution is sensitive to changes in

A

Contamination, temperature, and concentration

93
Q

As the size of silver halide crystals increase the films ability to visualize fine anatomical structures

A

Decreases

94
Q

Visible light emitted from phosphor crystal stimulated by xray proceeds

A

In all directions

95
Q

Range of grays that a film is capable of recording is demonstrated by

A

The straight line portion

96
Q

As the amount of reduction in a films emulsion increases the effect on the film is

A

Increased density

97
Q

The temperature of the dryer section is

A

130-135 degrees

98
Q

As radiographic film speed decreases, film detail and quality

A

Increases

99
Q

As radiographic film contrast decreases film latitude

A

Increases

100
Q

A sensitometric curve will tell you all of the properties of the film in question except

A

Spectral sensitivity

101
Q

As the size of silver halide crystals decreases films ability to visualize fine anatomical structures

A

Increase

102
Q

The portion of sensitometric curve representing maximum optical density is known as

A

D-MAX

103
Q

Orthochromatic film is sensitive to all colors of visible light except

A

Red

104
Q

The latent image formation occurs in radiographic film due to

A

Gurney-Mott Theory

105
Q

The factor which has primary control of image density is

A

MAS

106
Q

Decreasing collimation (larger field size) will result in

A

Longer scale contrast

107
Q

Increasing filtration of the xray beam will result in

A

Decease in image density

108
Q

The factor that has the primary control of contrast is

A

KVP

109
Q

The test performed to evaluate film/screen contact is known as

A

Wire mesh test

110
Q

An increase in KVP will result in

A

Decreased image density

111
Q

Overall image blackness is known as

A

Density

112
Q

An increase in OID will result in

A

Decreased in image density

113
Q

Increasing collimation (smaller field size) will result in

A

Decrease in image density

114
Q

Increasing collimation (smaller field size) will result in

A

Decrease in image density

115
Q

To maintain image density when increasing KVP by 15%, the MAS must be

A

Decreased by 50%

116
Q

An image that is mainly black and white and possesses few grays exhibits

A

High contrast

117
Q

An increase in film/screen speed will result in

A

Increase in image density

118
Q

The addition of a grid will result in

A

Decrease in image density

119
Q

When changing from RS800 to RS100 all of the following will occur except

A

The size of dots will increase

120
Q

The average photon strength in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as

A

KVP

121
Q

The geometric factors include (circle 2)

A

Detail, distortion

122
Q

An increase in SID will result in

A

Decrease in image density

123
Q

As KVP increases patient absorbed dose

A

Decreases

124
Q

An increase in KVP will result in

A

Increase in image density

125
Q

Increasing collimation (smaller field size) will result in

A

Higher contrast

126
Q

The primary function of contrast is to

A

Make recorded detail visible

127
Q

A decrease in OID will result in

A

Decrease in image contrast

128
Q

The addition of a grid will result in

A

Increased contrast

129
Q

To maintain image density when decreasing KVP by 15%, the MAS must be

A

Doubled

130
Q

The photographic factors include (circle two)

A

Contrast and density

131
Q

Penumbra will be increased by

A

Increasing focal spot, decreasing SID, increasing OID

132
Q

Conditions that lead to increased image detail include

A

Small focal spot, short OID

133
Q

A low KVP setting will result in

A

High contrast, short scale

134
Q

A high KVP setting will result in

A

Many grays, long scale

135
Q

Penumbra will be decreased by

A

Decreasing focal spot size

136
Q

Unequal magnification of the body part will result in

A

Increased shape distortion

137
Q

Blooming of the focal spot increases as

A

MAS increases

138
Q

As patient exposure/dose increases image quality/detail

A

Increases

139
Q

Recorded detail is diminished by a

A

Decrease in SID

140
Q

The visibility of fine anatomical structures is known as

A

Detail

141
Q

The true focal spot projected towards the patient is known as the

A

Effective focal spot

142
Q

The number of electrons thermionically emitted from the filament per second is

A

MA

143
Q

The approximate range of effective focal spot size is

A

0.5-2.0mm

144
Q

The total number of electrons traveling from cathode to anode is measures as

A

MAS

145
Q

All of the terms are synonymous with detail except

A

Contrast

146
Q

The combination that will produce the greatest image detail is

A

Long SID, short OID

147
Q

The amount of penumbra seen on a radiograohic image is decreased by

A

A decrease in OID

148
Q

recorded detail can be improved by increasing

A

SID

149
Q

The area where electrons impact the anode is known as

A

The true focal spot

150
Q

Increasing SID will result in all except

A

Increased penumbra

151
Q

Increasing OID will result in all except

A

Decreased penumbra

152
Q

Image detail is effected by all except

A

Focal spot size

153
Q

All of the following are not positve contrast agents except

A

Carbon dioxide

154
Q

The number of X-rays in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as

A

MAS

155
Q

When changing from RS200 to RS400, all if the following occur except

A

Image quality will increase

156
Q

A common capture element used within indirect DR digital imaging is

A

Amorphous silicon

157
Q

The efficiency of a CR system in converting remnant radiation into useful imaging signalmen is known as

A

Quantum detection efficiency

158
Q

Individual thin film transistors (TFT) elements are known as

A

Detector elements (DELS)

159
Q

The exposure indicator of Agfa brand CR imaging products is

A

LGM

160
Q

The wavelength of the laser light used in a CR imaging plate is approximately

A

600 nm

161
Q

The weakening of a stored latent image within. CR imaging plate is known as

A

Fading

162
Q

In a CR system, stored electron energy is trialled in the

A

F center

163
Q

The wavelength of visible light emitted by photostimulated luminescence is approximately

A

400nm

164
Q

The number of grays that an individual is capable of demonstrating us known as

A

Bit depth

165
Q

In a CR system, visible light emitted by the imaging plate is collected and channeled by the

A

Light gate

166
Q

The digital imaging system that uses amorphous selenium (a-Se) for imaging formation is

A

Direct conversion DR

167
Q

With CR digital imaging, a perfect exposure indicator measures radiation to the IP at a dose of

A

1mR

168
Q

The relationship of useful, anatomical image to worthless electronic information is known as

A

Signal to noise ratio

169
Q

Within a CR cassette is found

A

Photostimulable phosphor plate

170
Q

The phosphor material found within a CR imaging plate is

A

Europium Barium Fluorohalide

171
Q

The imaging system that does not use visible light for image formation is

A

Direct conversion -CR

172
Q

The process of translating an analog image to binary code is known as

A

Digitizing

173
Q

The process by which a digital image system displays a visible image despite technique error is known as

A

Automatic rescaling

174
Q

The following imaging system that uses TFT array for image formation is

A

Direct conversion DR

175
Q

The amount of radiation received by the CR imaging plate is measured as the

A

Exposure indicator

176
Q

The smallest component of a digital xray image is known as a

A

Pixel

177
Q

All of the following terms are synonymous with digital image contrast ability except

A

Spatial resolution

178
Q

The laser found in a CR imaging processor is

A

helium neon (HeNe)

179
Q

Electrical components that temporarily store a charge are known as

A

Capacitors

180
Q

The CR system, the latent image is held in

A

Photostimulable phosphor

181
Q

The 3-D pieces of digital info obtained by a CT are

A

Voxels

182
Q

Widening a window results in

A

Decreased contrast

183
Q

Info expressed in variable numeric quantities is known as

A

Digital

184
Q

The collection element of direct DR digital imaging is

A

TFT

185
Q

In a CR processor, visible light energy is converted to an equivalent value of electrical energy by the

A

Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

186
Q

Measuring from center to center of a pixel is

A

Pixel pitch

187
Q

The number of pixels per given area is

A

Pixel density

188
Q

The crossed rows and columns of a digital image is

A

Matrix

189
Q

The coupling elements of direct DR digital imaging is

A

Amorphous Selenium Crystals

190
Q

mathematical formula used to process the digital image is

A

Algorithm

191
Q

The scintillating phosphor used in medical imaging specifically for its needle like crystals is

A

Cesium iodine

192
Q

The digital imaging system that does not used scintillating phosphors for image formation is

A

Direct conversion DR

193
Q

The exposure indicator of Fuji brand CR imaging system is

A

s number

194
Q

The perfect exposure indicator value for AGfa CR is

A

2.2 LGM

195
Q

The capture element of CR digital imaging is

A

Europium Barium Fluorohalide

196
Q

Measuring the distance from one side of a pixel to the other side is

A

Pixel size

197
Q

Window level is synonymous with the latent characteristic of

A

Density/brightness

198
Q

The coupling element of CR digital imaging is

A

Amorphous silicon crystals

199
Q

The graphic representation of digital image densities and frequency of density occurrence is known as

A

Histogram

200
Q

Information expressed in variable physical quantities is known as

A

Analog

201
Q

Spatial resolution for digital imaging is measured in

A

Lp/mm

202
Q

Predetermined luminescence values that are anatomy dependent are stored within the

A

Look up table (LUT)

203
Q

Manually adjusting the shades of gray to be presented to the viewing monitor is known as

A

Windowing

204
Q

Phosphor crystal emitting visible light when stimulated by xray is known as

A

Scintillation

205
Q

The number of grays that a pixel is capable of demonstrating is known as

A

Bit depth

206
Q

The digital imaging system that uses amorphous selenium for image formation is

A

Direct conversion DR

207
Q

The greatest advantage of digital imaging compared to film screen is

A

Contrast resolution

208
Q

Common pixel signals across the matrix being averaged and the area of interest amplified is known as

A

Edge enhancement

209
Q

Narrowing a window results in

A

Increased contrast

210
Q

Window width is synonymous with the image characteristics of

A

Contrast

SEM V - Rad Pathology II (7 decks)

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