Final Final - Rad II Flashcards
Overall image blackness
Density
The visibility of fin anatomical structures is
Detail
Changes in human anatomy that result in decreased tissue density
Destructive pathology
The area where electrons impact the anode
True focal spot
All of the following are synonymous with detail
Resolution, definition, sharpness
NOT contrast
The photon strength in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as
KVP
The disparity in xray intensity between cathode and anode ends of the X-ray tube is known as
Anode heel effect
The number of electrons thermionically emitted from the filament is known as
MA
The total number of electrons traveling from cathode to anode is measured as
MAS
To manipulate the density/brightness of a digital image the tech will adjust
Window level
When the patient contributes to the image contrast is known as
Subject contrast
The number of X-rays in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as
MAS
The true focal spot projected towards the patient is known as
Effective focal spot
Materials that temporarily decrease the atomic number of an anatomical structure are known as
Negative contrast agents
Intentionally magnifying the area of anatomical interest is known as
Macroradiography
Changes in human anatomy that result in increased tissue density are known as
Additive pathology
An image that is mainly black and white and possesses few grays exhibits
High contrast
The portion of the radiographic image that represents an objects true size is known as
Umbra
To manipulate the contrast of a digital image the tech must adjust the
Window width
The height of the lead strips related to the distance between the lead strips is the formula for calculating
Grid ratio
The minimum xray energy that will adequately penetrate a given body part is known as
Effective KV
Blooming of focal spot
Electrons as they move from cathode to anode
Exposure latitude
Margin for technique error
Size distortion
Too much OID magnified the object
Shape distortion
Penumbra
Quantum mottle
Grainy image as a result of not enough X-rays
Positive contrast agent
Materials that temporarily increase the atomic number of an anatomical structure
Long scale contrast
Many shades of gray
Differential absorption
Differing habitus absorb xray at differing rates
High contrast
Black and white image with few grays
The nine penny test is performed to evaluate
Xray to light field alignment
Focal spot size is allowed to vary no more than
+/-50%
The required frequency for performing protective apparel testing is
Annually
Exposure reproducibility is allowed to vary no more than
+/-5%
The required frequency for performing screen speed uniformity testing is
Annually
KVP accuracy is allowed to vary by no more than
+/-10%
The ESE for general fluoroscopy may not exceed
10R/min
The ESE for interventional fluoroscopy may not exceed
20R/min
Exposure timer accuracy for greater than 10ms exposures is allowed to vary by no more than
+/-5%
The density difference on a darkroom fog test general radiography may not be greater than
.08 OD
The developer temperature recorded during sensitometry is allowed to vary by no more than
+/-2 degrees F
The required frequency for performing sensitometry is
Semiannually
The required frequency for performing film/screen contact testing is
Annual
The required frequency for performing collimator dial accuracy testing is
Semiannual
With sensitometry contrast is allowed to vary by no more than
.15
Xray to light field alignment is allowed to vary by no more than
+/-2%
The standard light bulb for an xray illuminator box is
15 watt daylight fluorescent
SID accuracy is allowed to vary by no more than
+/-2%
The required frequency for performing reproducibility testing is
Annual
The required frequency for performing linearity testing is
Annual
The required frequency for performing HVL testing is
Annual
Focal spot size may be evaluated by
Pin hole camera
Slit camera
Star pattern
The required frequency for performing darkroom fog testing is
Semiannual
Exposure linearity is allowed to vary no more than
+/-10%
The wire mesh test is performed to evaluate
Film screen contact
The required frequency for performing filtration testing is
Annual
The minimum allowable total xray beam filtration is
2.5mm AL/EQ
The required frequency for performing KVP accuracy is
Annual
The density difference on a darkroom fog test for mammography may not be greater than
.05 OD
Exposure timer accuracy for less than 10ms exposures is allowed to vary no more than
+/-20%
The required frequency for performing exposure timer accuracy testing is
Annual
Screen speed uniformity is allowed to vary no more than
+/-10%
Collimator dial accuracy is allowed to vary no more than
+/-2% of SID
The light intensity across the entire surface of an xray view box is allowed to vary by no more than
+/-10%
When using positive beam limitation the light field is allowed to vary from the film size by no more than
+/-2% of the SID
The number of HVLs required to reduce a 78mR beam to less than 10mR is
3 HVLs
Latent image is made manifest in
Developer
Modern film screen imaging amount of film exposure due to visible light is
90-99%
Function of wash section is to
Remove fixer from the emulsion
Emission of visible light from a phosphor crystal is
Luminescence
Sequence of order for film processor is
Developer, fixer, washer, dryer
Brown tint that develops in processed xray film while in storage is
Smog
Color of visible light emitted by a phosphor crystal is
Spectral emission
Radiographic film contrast increases as film latitude
Decreases
Addition of an electron to a positively charged silver ion is
Reduction
Portion of sensitometric curve representing minimum optical density is
Base + fog
Invisible image held in chemical code within the films emulsion layer is
Latent image
Size if films silver halide crystals increases the films screen speed
Increases
Addition of electron to a positively charged silver ion results in
Black metallic silver
The wash section is filled with
Filtered water
The temperature of developer solution is
95 degrees
Stored film is sensitive to (can be fogged by)
Visible light, high temperature, and chemical vapor
Color of visible light film is most sensitive to known as
Spectral sensitivity
Rate at which sensitometry must be performed is
Daily
As the Amount of reduction in films emulsion decreases the effect on film is
Decreased density
Layer that holds the anatomical image is
Emulsion
Auto processor emulsion shrunk and film is sealed in dryer by
Hot air
Removal of unreduced silver halide crystals happens in
The fixer
Function of reducing agents(electron soup) is to
Change silver ions into black metallic silver
Panchromatic film is sensitive to
All colored light
As Radiographic film speed increases film detail and image quality
Decreases
Very weak bond that holds silver halide crystals together is
Ionic bond
Developer solution is sensitive to changes in
Contamination, temperature, and concentration
As the size of silver halide crystals increase the films ability to visualize fine anatomical structures
Decreases
Visible light emitted from phosphor crystal stimulated by xray proceeds
In all directions
Range of grays that a film is capable of recording is demonstrated by
The straight line portion
As the amount of reduction in a films emulsion increases the effect on the film is
Increased density
The temperature of the dryer section is
130-135 degrees
As radiographic film speed decreases, film detail and quality
Increases
As radiographic film contrast decreases film latitude
Increases
A sensitometric curve will tell you all of the properties of the film in question except
Spectral sensitivity
As the size of silver halide crystals decreases films ability to visualize fine anatomical structures
Increase
The portion of sensitometric curve representing maximum optical density is known as
D-MAX
Orthochromatic film is sensitive to all colors of visible light except
Red
The latent image formation occurs in radiographic film due to
Gurney-Mott Theory
The factor which has primary control of image density is
MAS
Decreasing collimation (larger field size) will result in
Longer scale contrast
Increasing filtration of the xray beam will result in
Decease in image density
The factor that has the primary control of contrast is
KVP
The test performed to evaluate film/screen contact is known as
Wire mesh test
An increase in KVP will result in
Decreased image density
Overall image blackness is known as
Density
An increase in OID will result in
Decreased in image density
Increasing collimation (smaller field size) will result in
Decrease in image density
Increasing collimation (smaller field size) will result in
Decrease in image density
To maintain image density when increasing KVP by 15%, the MAS must be
Decreased by 50%
An image that is mainly black and white and possesses few grays exhibits
High contrast
An increase in film/screen speed will result in
Increase in image density
The addition of a grid will result in
Decrease in image density
When changing from RS800 to RS100 all of the following will occur except
The size of dots will increase
The average photon strength in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as
KVP
The geometric factors include (circle 2)
Detail, distortion
An increase in SID will result in
Decrease in image density
As KVP increases patient absorbed dose
Decreases
An increase in KVP will result in
Increase in image density
Increasing collimation (smaller field size) will result in
Higher contrast
The primary function of contrast is to
Make recorded detail visible
A decrease in OID will result in
Decrease in image contrast
The addition of a grid will result in
Increased contrast
To maintain image density when decreasing KVP by 15%, the MAS must be
Doubled
The photographic factors include (circle two)
Contrast and density
Penumbra will be increased by
Increasing focal spot, decreasing SID, increasing OID
Conditions that lead to increased image detail include
Small focal spot, short OID
A low KVP setting will result in
High contrast, short scale
A high KVP setting will result in
Many grays, long scale
Penumbra will be decreased by
Decreasing focal spot size
Unequal magnification of the body part will result in
Increased shape distortion
Blooming of the focal spot increases as
MAS increases
As patient exposure/dose increases image quality/detail
Increases
Recorded detail is diminished by a
Decrease in SID
The visibility of fine anatomical structures is known as
Detail
The true focal spot projected towards the patient is known as the
Effective focal spot
The number of electrons thermionically emitted from the filament per second is
MA
The approximate range of effective focal spot size is
0.5-2.0mm
The total number of electrons traveling from cathode to anode is measures as
MAS
All of the terms are synonymous with detail except
Contrast
The combination that will produce the greatest image detail is
Long SID, short OID
The amount of penumbra seen on a radiograohic image is decreased by
A decrease in OID
recorded detail can be improved by increasing
SID
The area where electrons impact the anode is known as
The true focal spot
Increasing SID will result in all except
Increased penumbra
Increasing OID will result in all except
Decreased penumbra
Image detail is effected by all except
Focal spot size
All of the following are not positve contrast agents except
Carbon dioxide
The number of X-rays in the polyenergetic primary beam is expressed as
MAS
When changing from RS200 to RS400, all if the following occur except
Image quality will increase
A common capture element used within indirect DR digital imaging is
Amorphous silicon
The efficiency of a CR system in converting remnant radiation into useful imaging signalmen is known as
Quantum detection efficiency
Individual thin film transistors (TFT) elements are known as
Detector elements (DELS)
The exposure indicator of Agfa brand CR imaging products is
LGM
The wavelength of the laser light used in a CR imaging plate is approximately
600 nm
The weakening of a stored latent image within. CR imaging plate is known as
Fading
In a CR system, stored electron energy is trialled in the
F center
The wavelength of visible light emitted by photostimulated luminescence is approximately
400nm
The number of grays that an individual is capable of demonstrating us known as
Bit depth
In a CR system, visible light emitted by the imaging plate is collected and channeled by the
Light gate
The digital imaging system that uses amorphous selenium (a-Se) for imaging formation is
Direct conversion DR
With CR digital imaging, a perfect exposure indicator measures radiation to the IP at a dose of
1mR
The relationship of useful, anatomical image to worthless electronic information is known as
Signal to noise ratio
Within a CR cassette is found
Photostimulable phosphor plate
The phosphor material found within a CR imaging plate is
Europium Barium Fluorohalide
The imaging system that does not use visible light for image formation is
Direct conversion -CR
The process of translating an analog image to binary code is known as
Digitizing
The process by which a digital image system displays a visible image despite technique error is known as
Automatic rescaling
The following imaging system that uses TFT array for image formation is
Direct conversion DR
The amount of radiation received by the CR imaging plate is measured as the
Exposure indicator
The smallest component of a digital xray image is known as a
Pixel
All of the following terms are synonymous with digital image contrast ability except
Spatial resolution
The laser found in a CR imaging processor is
helium neon (HeNe)
Electrical components that temporarily store a charge are known as
Capacitors
The CR system, the latent image is held in
Photostimulable phosphor
The 3-D pieces of digital info obtained by a CT are
Voxels
Widening a window results in
Decreased contrast
Info expressed in variable numeric quantities is known as
Digital
The collection element of direct DR digital imaging is
TFT
In a CR processor, visible light energy is converted to an equivalent value of electrical energy by the
Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
Measuring from center to center of a pixel is
Pixel pitch
The number of pixels per given area is
Pixel density
The crossed rows and columns of a digital image is
Matrix
The coupling elements of direct DR digital imaging is
Amorphous Selenium Crystals
mathematical formula used to process the digital image is
Algorithm
The scintillating phosphor used in medical imaging specifically for its needle like crystals is
Cesium iodine
The digital imaging system that does not used scintillating phosphors for image formation is
Direct conversion DR
The exposure indicator of Fuji brand CR imaging system is
s number
The perfect exposure indicator value for AGfa CR is
2.2 LGM
The capture element of CR digital imaging is
Europium Barium Fluorohalide
Measuring the distance from one side of a pixel to the other side is
Pixel size
Window level is synonymous with the latent characteristic of
Density/brightness
The coupling element of CR digital imaging is
Amorphous silicon crystals
The graphic representation of digital image densities and frequency of density occurrence is known as
Histogram
Information expressed in variable physical quantities is known as
Analog
Spatial resolution for digital imaging is measured in
Lp/mm
Predetermined luminescence values that are anatomy dependent are stored within the
Look up table (LUT)
Manually adjusting the shades of gray to be presented to the viewing monitor is known as
Windowing
Phosphor crystal emitting visible light when stimulated by xray is known as
Scintillation
The number of grays that a pixel is capable of demonstrating is known as
Bit depth
The digital imaging system that uses amorphous selenium for image formation is
Direct conversion DR
The greatest advantage of digital imaging compared to film screen is
Contrast resolution
Common pixel signals across the matrix being averaged and the area of interest amplified is known as
Edge enhancement
Narrowing a window results in
Increased contrast
Window width is synonymous with the image characteristics of
Contrast
