Test 3 Flashcards
Vein -
carry blood toward the heart, arranged in 3 layers, and contain valves to prevent backflow
Artery -
carry blood away from the heart, arranged in 3 layers, and absorb pressure wave
Capillary -
vascular connection between the artery and vein
Atria of heart (atrium) -
the receiving chambers of the heart on both the right and left side
Ventricles of heart -
the pumping chambers of the heart on both the right and left side
Pulmonary circulation -
movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again
Portal circulation -
circulation of blood to the liver from the small intestine, the right half of the colon, and the spleen through the portal vein; sometimes specified as the hepatic portal circulation;
Endocardium -
inner lining of the heart
Myocardium -
muscular wall of the heart
Epicardium -
thin membrane that covers the heart
Pericardial sac -
fluid filled sac that lubricates motion of the heart
Tunica intima -
the innermost/endothelial vascular layer
Tunica media -
the middle/smooth muscles vascular layer
Tunica externa/Tunica adventitia -
the outermost vascular layer
SA node - sinoatrial node -
The heart’s natural pacemaker, one of the major elements in the cardiac conduction system, the system that controls the heart rate.
AV node -
a part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers.
Purkinje fibers -
specialized muscle fibers found in the heart. They originate at the atrioventricular bundle and extend into the ventricles. Their function is to relay impulses from the bundle to the ventricles, causing a contraction
Vena cava -
large veins (venous trunks) that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart
Aorta -
the great vessel that takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the organs
Pulmonary trunk -
blood vessel which divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries.
Pulmonary veins -
large blood vessels that receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium of the heart
PTCA “pizza” -
(percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) the opening of a narrowed coronary artery; minimally invasive
CABG “cabbage” -
(coronary artery bypass and graft) heart bypass surgery, grafting of “new vessels” around occluded vessels - usually a vein from patients leg
Plasma -
pale yellow liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells. It makes up about 55% of the body’s total blood volume.
Hematocrit -
the solid portion of blood, normally about 45%
Hemoglobin -
iron pigment; hemo=iron, globin=pigment
Diffusion -
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Left to right shunt -
Most common congenital cardiac lesions; Structural defects of heart and vessels; Mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood
Atrial septal defect -
a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of your heart (atria). The condition is present from birth (congenital).
Ventricular septal defect -
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart.
Patent ductus arteriosus -
a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close.
Tetralogy of Fallot
“blue baby syndrome” - Cyanosis due to inadequate oxidation; right to left shunting of blood
The “sabot appearance” -
Dutch wooden shoe appearance on imaging
The 4 hallmarks of Tetralogy of Fallot -
ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextropositioning of aorta, hypertrophic right ventricle
Interventricular septal defect -
.
Pulmonary stenosis -
partial obstruction of right ventricular outflow (to lungs) and pulmonary valve
Hypertrophic right ventricle -
thickened right ventricle
Dextropositioning of aorta -
increased outflow in aorta
Coarctation of aorta -
narrowing of the aorta
The “notched ribs appearance” -
narrowing of aorta due to high arterial pressure
Valvular disease -
failure of valves to seal causing regurgitation
Regurgitation -
back flow
Bovine tissue graft -
cow tissue graft
Porcine tissue graft -
pig tissue graft
Pulmonary embolus -
a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs. In most cases, pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from the legs or, rarely, other parts of the body
Cor pulmonale -
aka Pulmonary hypertension; an enlargement of the right ventricle due to high blood pressure in the lungs usually caused by chronic lung disease
The “enlarged right ventricle” appearance -
due to high blood pressure in the lungs usually caused by chronic lung disease
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) -
narrowing/occlusion of the coronary arteries
Ischemia -
decrease/loss of blood flow to tissue
Infarction -
death of tissue due to loss of blood flow
Myocardial Infarction (MI) -
Death of heart muscle due to lack of blood flow (ischemia) and/or due to thrombus (blood clot) of coronary arteries
Congestive heart failure -
inability of the heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient to provide adequate supply to the tissues; characterized by cardiomegaly on imaging studies
The “greater than 50% diameter sign” -
a sign of congestive heart failure
Pulmonary edema -
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extra vascular pulmonary tissue
The “butterfly” or “angel’s wings” sign -
pattern of edema on imaging studies a sign of pulmonary edema
Hypertension -
increased pressure within the systemic circulatory system, the leading cause of stroke and CHF
The “enlarged left heart” and “tortuous aorta” sign -
radiologic signs of hypertension
Why is hypertension considered to be a “silent killer” -
symptoms often go unrecognized and unnoticed
Pericardial effusion -
accumulation of fluid within the pericardial space resulting in increased pressure directed onto myocardium
The “enlargement of cardiac silhouette” sign -
radiographic sign of pericardial effusion on imaging
Aneurysm -
localized dilation of an artery which appears asbulging or calcification of the artery on imaging.
Saccular -
a type of aneurysm with the appearance of a sac or round shape bulging on one aide of arterial wall
Fusiform -
a type of aneurysm with the appearance of a tubular shape bulging of the arterial circumference
Dissecting -
a type of aneurysm with the appearance of tearing of the arterial wall, bleeding into the artery’s layers
AAA -
abdominal aortic aneurysm
Atherosclerosis -
arterial thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity due to a build up of fatty deposits which leads to narrowing of arteries
The “calcified arteries” sign -
radiographic sign of calcified densities on imaging
Bruit -
noise of arterial “turbulence” in carotid artery
Thrombus -
blood clot that CAN obstruct, forms in a vessel
Embolus -
anything that causes an obstruction, can be life threatening and travels from the site where formed
DVT –
Deep Vein Thrombosis
List the signs of DVT -
pain/tenderness, swelling of the lower extremity, warmth of skin, and redness/discoloration of skin
Varicose veins -
dilated, elongated, tortuous vessels, causing a pooling of blood into lower extremities with signs of enlargement of veins, stagnation of blood flow and possible blood clot formation
Erythrocytes -
Red blood cells
Function: Carry oxygen and CO2 for gas exchange
Leukocytes -
White blood cells
Function: Infection control within body
Thrombocytes/Platelets -
platelet cells of the blood
Function: Clotting cells within body
Anemia -
a decrease in hemoglobin
Iron deficiency -
the most common form of anemia
Hemolytic -
shortened life span of RBC’s
Aplastic -
failure of bone marrow function resulting in a decrease in blood cells
Megaloblastic -
a type of anemia resulting in decreased RBc’s due to defective DNA synthesis
The “bald appearance in stomach” sign -
radiographic sign of megaloblastic anemia due to the decrease if rugal folds
Thallasemia -
defect in hemoglobin formation in people of Mediterranean descent
The “hair on end” sign -
radiographic appearance of Thailasemia
Population group most affected:
people of Mediterranean descent
Polycythemia -
hyperplasia of the bone marrow, increased blood cell production,k prominent pulmonary vasculature on imaging studies
Sickle Cell Anemia -
form of hemolytic anemia, abnormal hemoglobin molecules
Population group most affected: Africans
Leukemia -
neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells, chronic or acute
Lymphoma -
neoplasms of the lymphatic system
Infectious Mononucleosis -
viral disease of the lymphatic system
