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A&P 1 > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

____ integrates, processes & coordinates sensory data and motor commands? (Brain & Spinal Cord)

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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2
Q

____ brings sensory info to the CNS and carries commands from the CNS to peripheral tissues. (Nerves, Epithyleal, & Connective)

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

____ detect changes in the environment?

A

Receptors

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4
Q

____ sensory receptors sense touch? (Pressure, pain, temperature, etc.)

A

Somatic

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5
Q

____ sensory receptors sense sight, smell, taste, hear.

A

Special

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6
Q

____ sensory receptors monitor internal organs?

A

Visceral

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7
Q

____ change activities in response to commands.

A

Effectors

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8
Q

____ nervous system controls skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic

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9
Q

____ nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, and adipose tissue. (involuntary control)

A

Autonomic

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10
Q

____ send and receive messages.

A

Neurons

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11
Q

____ extend from the cell body into dendritic branches.

A

Dendrites

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12
Q

____ contains most organelles in neurons.

A

Cell body cytoplasm

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13
Q

____ receive stimuli from environment.

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

____ provide energy; synthesize neurotransmitters, cell activities receive stimuli, and send messages to the axon.

A

Cell Body

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15
Q

Neurons lack the ability to divide if they don’t have ____.

A

Centrioles

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16
Q

True or False:

Most CNS Neurons have Centrioles.

A

False

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17
Q

____ is the long tail extending from the cell body of a neuron.

A

Axon

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18
Q

____ is the base of the axon.

A

Axon Hillock

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19
Q

____ is a specialized axon membrane.

A

Axoplasm

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20
Q

____ are the branches at the end of the axon.

A

Telodendria

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21
Q

____ are the nodes at the end of the telodendria.

A

Synaptic Terminals (aka: Axon Terminals)

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22
Q

____ sends messages to other cells.

A

Axon

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23
Q

____ is the moving of lysosomes, vesicles, and mitochondria across the neuron along the axon.

A

Axoplasmic transport

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24
Q

____ is the moving of unusual chemicals or debris from outside the the cell into the cell body by the axon. (How Rabies occurs)

A

Retrograde Flow

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25
Q

____ is where a neuron communicates with a nearby cell.

A

Synapse

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26
Q

____ are chemicals made in the cell body and are moved to the synaptic terminal.

A

Neurotransmitters

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27
Q

In a presynaptic cell, the Neuron does what?

A

Neuron Sends messages

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28
Q

In a Postsynaptic cell, the Neuron does what?

A

Neuron/Effector receives messages

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29
Q

____ is a narrow space between cells.

A

Synaptic Cleft

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30
Q

____ vesicles contain & support neurotransmitters.

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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31
Q

____ acts as the neuron support system. (Is smaller & more numerous than neurons)

A

Neuroglia

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32
Q

4 CNS Neuroglia?

A
  1. Ependymal
  2. Microglial
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Oligodendrocytes
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33
Q

2 PNS Neuroglia?

A
  1. Satellite Cells

2. Schwann Cells

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34
Q

____ cells form “Ependyma” membrane that lines fluid filled passages in the CNS.

A

Ependymal Cells

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35
Q

____ secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spinal cord.

A

Ependymal Cells

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36
Q

____ cells are very small and mobile. They absorb and remove debris, dead tissue, & pathogens by phagocytosis.

A

Microglial Cells

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37
Q

____ cells are star shaped. They maintain blood brain barrier.

A

Astrocytes

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38
Q

____ acts as insulation, repairs damaged axons, increase speed of nerve impulses and offers stability in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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39
Q

____ is a covered axon.

A

Internode

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40
Q

____ is an exposed axon.

A

Node

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41
Q

Neuron axons that have lipids are considered to be ____.

A

White Matter

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42
Q

Neuron axons that do not have lipids are considered to be ____.

A

Grey Matter

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43
Q

____ cells surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

A

Satellite Cells

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44
Q

____ helps nourish neurons and regulates extracellular environment.

A

Satellite Cells

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45
Q

____ is an outer layer and has a nucleus.

A

Neurilemma

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46
Q

____ acts as insulation, repairs damaged axons, increase speed of nerve impulses and offers stability in the PNS.

A

Schwann Cells

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47
Q

____ is the repair of damaged PNS nerves. (Full function may not return)

A

Wallerian Degeneration

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48
Q

3 things that make CNS nerve repair more complicated.

A
  1. more axons involved
  2. Astrocytes make scar tissue that prevent growth
  3. Chemicals that block axon growth are released
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49
Q

____ is the charge across the membrane between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid.

A

Transmembrane Potential

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50
Q

Sodium (Na+) build up a gradient where?

A

Outside of the cell

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51
Q

Potassium (K+) build up a gradient where?

A

Inside of the cell

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52
Q

____ is the charge of an unstimulated neuron.

A

Resting Potential

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53
Q

What is the Resting Potential Charge?

A

-70 mV (milivolts)

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54
Q

____ is membrane proteins that open or close for specific substances.

A

Gated Channel

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55
Q

____ channels open or close when specific chemical binds to it.

A

Chemically Gated

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56
Q

____ channels open or close based on charge of transmembrane potential.

A

Voltage-Gated

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57
Q

____ channels open or close based on physical distortion of membrane surface. (Sensory Receptors for Touch)

A

Mechanically Gated Channel

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58
Q

____ is a concentration of substances across a membrane.

A

Chemical Gradient

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59
Q

____ is the attraction or repulsion of substances across a membrane.

A

Electrical Gradient

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60
Q

____ occurs when a cell at resting potential is stimulated.

A

Graded Potential

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61
Q

Graded Potential occurs where?

A

On dendrites or cell body.

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62
Q

____ opens nearby gated channels.

A

Graded Potential

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63
Q

____ is the moving of positive ions along a negatively charged membrane surface.

A

Local Current

64
Q

____ is when transmembrane potential becomes more positively charged.

A

Depolarization

65
Q

____ is when transmembrane potential returns to resting potential.

A

Repolarization

66
Q

____ is when transmembrane potential becomes more negatively charged.

A

Hyperpolarization

67
Q

____ occurs when a graded potential produces enough positive voltage. (Also opens nearby gated channels)

A

Action Potential

68
Q

____ starts at the Hillock, and occurs along the axon to reach the synaptic terminals.

A

Action Potential

69
Q

____ trigger graded potential.

A

Chemically Gated Sodium Channel

70
Q

____ trigger action potential.

A

Voltage Gated Channels

71
Q

____ is the transmembrane potential that opens voltage gated channels.

A

Threshold

72
Q

____ is the inactivation gates of voltage gated channels.

A

Sodium Channel Inactivation

73
Q

____ involves action potential at one are triggering action potential at a nearby or adjacent area, down the length of the axon. (The Wave)

A

Propagation

74
Q

____ moves enough sodium ions to the next area to reach threshold.

A

Local Current

75
Q

____ involves action potential occurring along an unmyelinated axon membrane surface.

A

Continuous Propagation

76
Q

____ involves action potential occurring along a myelinated axon.

A

Saltatory Propagation

77
Q

When action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens to the message.

A

The messaged is transferred to another cell by the synapse

78
Q

____ is the transfer of action potential to a cell by neurotransmitter chemicals

A

Chemical Synapse

79
Q

____ is the neurotransmitter used in a cholinergic synapse.

A

Acetylcholine

80
Q

____ occurs when the synaptic terminal is unable function if the extended transmitter release more acetylcholine than available.

A

Synaptic Fatigue

81
Q

____ happens between the arrival of action potential at the end of post synaptic membrane being activated.

A

Synaptic Delay

82
Q

____ is graded potentials that develop on post synaptic membrane.

A

Postsynaptic potential.

83
Q

____ occurs in Excitatory PSP. (Action Potential Likely)

A

Depolarization

84
Q

____ occurs in Inhibitory PSP. (Action Potential NOT Likely)

A

Hyperpolarization

85
Q

____ is the integrating of different graded potentials from different neurotransmitters.

A

Summation

86
Q

____ integrates all stimuli and determines if action potential is triggered.

A

Axon Hillock

87
Q

____ occurs when a single synapse activates frequently, providing enough charge for action potential in a post synaptic cell.

A

Temporal Summation

88
Q

____ occurs when multiple synapses activate at the same time, providing enough charge for action potential in a post synaptic cell.

A

Spatial Summation

89
Q

____ facilitates or inhibits the presynaptic neuron activity at the cell body or synaptic terminal.

A

Regulatory Neurons

90
Q

____ monitors conditions and sends messages to the CNS.

A

Sensory Neuron

91
Q

The cell body of a sensory neuron is in ____.

A

Sensory Ganglia

92
Q

The Axon of a sensory neuron is in the ____.

A

Afferent Fibers

93
Q

____ neurons monitor the outside world.

A

Somatic Sensory Neurons

94
Q

____ neurons monitor internal conditions and organ systems.

A

Visceral Sensory Neurons

95
Q

____ receive information from the sensory neuron.

A

Interneuron

96
Q

____ sends messages from the CNS to peripheral effectors.

A

Motor Neurons

97
Q

The Cell Body of interneurons are in ____.

A

CNS

98
Q

The Axon of interneurons are in ____.

A

CNS

99
Q

The Cell Body of a motor neuron is in ____.

A

Autonomic Ganglia

100
Q

The Axon of a motor neuron is in ____.

A

Efferent Fibers

101
Q

____ neurons send to “somatic” effectors.

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

102
Q

____ neurons sent to motor neurons in Autonomic Ganglia which then send to “visceral” effectors.

A

Visceral Motor Neurons

103
Q

____ are motor neurons that connect to skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic Nervous System

104
Q

____ are motor neurons that connect to motor neurons in ganglia which connect to visceral effectors.

A

Automatic Nervous System

105
Q

ANS decisions are made in the ____.

A

Hypothalamus

106
Q

ANS controls ____.

A

Visceral Functions Subconsciously

107
Q

____ is the synapse area for neurons away from the CNS.

A

Ganglion

108
Q

____ starts at the CNS and ends at ganglion.

A

Preganglionic Neuron

109
Q

____ starts at the ganglion and ends at the visceral effector.

A

Postganglionic Neuron

110
Q

____ activates during stress, exertion, and emergency.

A

Sympathetic Division (SNS)

111
Q

____ functions during rest & relaxation.

A

Parasympathetic Division

112
Q

____ Coordinates complex local visceral reflexes.

A

Enteric Division (ENS)

113
Q

____ is a chain of ganglia that is lateral to the spinal cord; and is used by the Sympathetic Division.

A

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia

114
Q

____ prepare for sudden intense activity. (CNS sends signal to effector)

A

Sympathetic Division

115
Q

5 things neurotransmitters released by the SNS cause effectors to do.

A
  1. Activates Sweat Glands
  2. Elevate Muscle Tone
  3. Increase Heartrate & Bloodpressure
  4. Increase feeling of energy
  5. Increase mental alertness
116
Q

____ promote relaxation, nutrient uptake, and waste removal. (CNS responds to local conditions.)

A

Parasympathetic Division

117
Q

5 things neurotransmitters released by PSNS cause effectors to do.

A
  1. Constrict Pupils
  2. Constrict respiratory passageways
  3. Decrease Heartrate & Bloodpressure
  4. Decrease Metabolic Rate
  5. Increase Digestive&Salivary Secretions
118
Q

3 sympathetic neurotransmitters.

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

119
Q

Where is Acetylcholine released from?

A

Pre-Ganglionic neurons

120
Q

Where is Norepinephrine released from?

A

Ganglionic Neurons

121
Q

Where is Epinephrine released from?

A

Ganglionic Neurons

122
Q

____ receptors are adenergic and use 2nd messengers.

A

Sympathetic Receptors

123
Q

____ is stimulated by Norepinephrine & Epinephrine. (Effects persist for a few seconds.)

A

Alpha Receptor

124
Q

____ is the Exitatory effect.

A

a1 effect

125
Q

____ is the Inhibitory effect.

A

a2 effect

126
Q

____ is stimulated by Epinephrine. (Dominant effect that persists for a few minutes).

A

Beta Receptor

127
Q

____ effect is caused by Cardiac Muscle Stimulation and increased tissue metabolism.

A

B1 effect

128
Q

____ effect is caused by relaxation of smooth muscle in respiratory passages & in the blood vessels of skeletal muscle.

A

B2 effect

129
Q

____ effect is caused by the release of fatty acids by adipose tissue for metabolic use in other tissues.

A

B3 effect.

130
Q

Acetylcholine is the ____ neurotransmitter and is release by preganglionic & ganglionic neurons.

A

Parasympathetic Neuron

131
Q

Nicotinic and Muscarnic are both ____ receptors.

A

Parasympathetic receptors.

132
Q

Nicotinic receptors are found at ____.

Also open chemically gated channels

A

The surface of ganglion cells

133
Q

What is the effect of Nicotinic receptors.

A

Open Chemically gated channels

134
Q

____ stimulates Nicotinic receptors.

A

Nicotine

135
Q

Muscarinic receptors are found at ____.

A

Neuromuscular & Neuroglandular Junctions

136
Q

____ stimulates Muscarinic Receptors.

A

Muscarine

137
Q

What is the effect of Muscarinic Receptors.

A

Uses 2nd messengers for excitatory or inhibitory effects

Longer Lasting

138
Q

____ control visceral functions with autonomic responses.

A

Visceral Reflexes

139
Q

What neurons make up a polysynaptic reflex.

A

Receptor
Sensory Neuron
1 to 2 Inter neurons in CNS
1 to 2 Motor Neurons

140
Q

2 types of visceral reflexes.

A

Short Reflex & Long Reflex

141
Q

Short reflex information is processed where?

A

Ganglion

142
Q

Long reflex information is processed where?

A

CNS

143
Q

Short reflex commands are sent where?

A

Local Effectors

144
Q

Long reflex commands are sent where?

A

Effectors

145
Q

Short reflexes control what?

A

Activity in part of a target organ

146
Q

Long reflexes control what?

A

Activity for Organ & Organ Systems

147
Q

____ system uses short reflexes.

A

Enteric

148
Q

____ systems use long reflexes.

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

149
Q

___ is a stretch receptor that monitors change in pressure.

A

Baroreceptor

150
Q

____ are located in elastic walls of hollow organs & tubes.

A

Baroreceptor Nerve Endings

151
Q

How do baroreceptors report pressure change?

A

Elastic walls expand or constrict
Stretch receptor distorts
Action potential alerts control center

152
Q

Baroreceptors monitor what?

A

Blood Pressure
Lung Expansion
Volume of waste

153
Q

____ are specialized neurons that can detect small changes in the concentrations of specific chemicals and compounds?

A

Chemoreceptors

154
Q

____ are located in the medulla oblongata, carotid and aortic bodies.

A

Chemoreceptor Nerve Endings

155
Q

Chemoreceptors monitor what?

A

pH, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide leves in the CSF

Also arterial blood for respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes.

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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