Test 5 Flashcards
1
Q
____ integrates, processes & coordinates sensory data and motor commands? (Brain & Spinal Cord)
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
2
Q
____ brings sensory info to the CNS and carries commands from the CNS to peripheral tissues. (Nerves, Epithyleal, & Connective)
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
3
Q
____ detect changes in the environment?
A
Receptors
4
Q
____ sensory receptors sense touch? (Pressure, pain, temperature, etc.)
A
Somatic
5
Q
____ sensory receptors sense sight, smell, taste, hear.
A
Special
6
Q
____ sensory receptors monitor internal organs?
A
Visceral
7
Q
____ change activities in response to commands.
A
Effectors
8
Q
____ nervous system controls skeletal muscles.
A
Somatic
9
Q
____ nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, and adipose tissue. (involuntary control)
A
Autonomic
10
Q
____ send and receive messages.
A
Neurons
11
Q
____ extend from the cell body into dendritic branches.
A
Dendrites
12
Q
____ contains most organelles in neurons.
A
Cell body cytoplasm
13
Q
____ receive stimuli from environment.
A
Dendrites
14
Q
____ provide energy; synthesize neurotransmitters, cell activities receive stimuli, and send messages to the axon.
A
Cell Body
15
Q
Neurons lack the ability to divide if they don’t have ____.
A
Centrioles
16
Q
True or False:
Most CNS Neurons have Centrioles.
A
False
17
Q
____ is the long tail extending from the cell body of a neuron.
A
Axon
18
Q
____ is the base of the axon.
A
Axon Hillock
19
Q
____ is a specialized axon membrane.
A
Axoplasm
20
Q
____ are the branches at the end of the axon.
A
Telodendria
21
Q
____ are the nodes at the end of the telodendria.
A
Synaptic Terminals (aka: Axon Terminals)
22
Q
____ sends messages to other cells.
A
Axon
23
Q
____ is the moving of lysosomes, vesicles, and mitochondria across the neuron along the axon.
A
Axoplasmic transport
24
Q
____ is the moving of unusual chemicals or debris from outside the the cell into the cell body by the axon. (How Rabies occurs)
A
Retrograde Flow
25
____ is where a neuron communicates with a nearby cell.
Synapse
26
____ are chemicals made in the cell body and are moved to the synaptic terminal.
Neurotransmitters
27
In a presynaptic cell, the Neuron does what?
Neuron Sends messages
28
In a Postsynaptic cell, the Neuron does what?
Neuron/Effector receives messages
29
____ is a narrow space between cells.
Synaptic Cleft
30
____ vesicles contain & support neurotransmitters.
Synaptic Vesicles
31
____ acts as the neuron support system. (Is smaller & more numerous than neurons)
Neuroglia
32
4 CNS Neuroglia?
1. Ependymal
2. Microglial
3. Astrocytes
4. Oligodendrocytes
33
2 PNS Neuroglia?
1. Satellite Cells
| 2. Schwann Cells
34
____ cells form "Ependyma" membrane that lines fluid filled passages in the CNS.
Ependymal Cells
35
____ secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spinal cord.
Ependymal Cells
36
____ cells are very small and mobile. They absorb and remove debris, dead tissue, & pathogens by phagocytosis.
Microglial Cells
37
____ cells are star shaped. They maintain blood brain barrier.
Astrocytes
38
____ acts as insulation, repairs damaged axons, increase speed of nerve impulses and offers stability in the CNS.
Oligodendrocytes
39
____ is a covered axon.
Internode
40
____ is an exposed axon.
Node
41
Neuron axons that have lipids are considered to be ____.
White Matter
42
Neuron axons that do not have lipids are considered to be ____.
Grey Matter
43
____ cells surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
Satellite Cells
44
____ helps nourish neurons and regulates extracellular environment.
Satellite Cells
45
____ is an outer layer and has a nucleus.
Neurilemma
46
____ acts as insulation, repairs damaged axons, increase speed of nerve impulses and offers stability in the PNS.
Schwann Cells
47
____ is the repair of damaged PNS nerves. (Full function may not return)
Wallerian Degeneration
48
3 things that make CNS nerve repair more complicated.
1. more axons involved
2. Astrocytes make scar tissue that prevent growth
3. Chemicals that block axon growth are released
49
____ is the charge across the membrane between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid.
Transmembrane Potential
50
Sodium (Na+) build up a gradient where?
Outside of the cell
51
Potassium (K+) build up a gradient where?
Inside of the cell
52
____ is the charge of an unstimulated neuron.
Resting Potential
53
What is the Resting Potential Charge?
-70 mV (milivolts)
54
____ is membrane proteins that open or close for specific substances.
Gated Channel
55
____ channels open or close when specific chemical binds to it.
Chemically Gated
56
____ channels open or close based on charge of transmembrane potential.
Voltage-Gated
57
____ channels open or close based on physical distortion of membrane surface. (Sensory Receptors for Touch)
Mechanically Gated Channel
58
____ is a concentration of substances across a membrane.
Chemical Gradient
59
____ is the attraction or repulsion of substances across a membrane.
Electrical Gradient
60
____ occurs when a cell at resting potential is stimulated.
Graded Potential
61
Graded Potential occurs where?
On dendrites or cell body.
62
____ opens nearby gated channels.
Graded Potential
63
____ is the moving of positive ions along a negatively charged membrane surface.
Local Current
64
____ is when transmembrane potential becomes more positively charged.
Depolarization
65
____ is when transmembrane potential returns to resting potential.
Repolarization
66
____ is when transmembrane potential becomes more negatively charged.
Hyperpolarization
67
____ occurs when a graded potential produces enough positive voltage. (Also opens nearby gated channels)
Action Potential
68
____ starts at the Hillock, and occurs along the axon to reach the synaptic terminals.
Action Potential
69
____ trigger graded potential.
Chemically Gated Sodium Channel
70
____ trigger action potential.
Voltage Gated Channels
71
____ is the transmembrane potential that opens voltage gated channels.
Threshold
72
____ is the inactivation gates of voltage gated channels.
Sodium Channel Inactivation
73
____ involves action potential at one are triggering action potential at a nearby or adjacent area, down the length of the axon. (The Wave)
Propagation
74
____ moves enough sodium ions to the next area to reach threshold.
Local Current
75
____ involves action potential occurring along an unmyelinated axon membrane surface.
Continuous Propagation
76
____ involves action potential occurring along a myelinated axon.
Saltatory Propagation
77
When action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens to the message.
The messaged is transferred to another cell by the synapse
78
____ is the transfer of action potential to a cell by neurotransmitter chemicals
Chemical Synapse
79
____ is the neurotransmitter used in a cholinergic synapse.
Acetylcholine
80
____ occurs when the synaptic terminal is unable function if the extended transmitter release more acetylcholine than available.
Synaptic Fatigue
81
____ happens between the arrival of action potential at the end of post synaptic membrane being activated.
Synaptic Delay
82
____ is graded potentials that develop on post synaptic membrane.
Postsynaptic potential.
83
____ occurs in Excitatory PSP. (Action Potential Likely)
Depolarization
84
____ occurs in Inhibitory PSP. (Action Potential NOT Likely)
Hyperpolarization
85
____ is the integrating of different graded potentials from different neurotransmitters.
Summation
86
____ integrates all stimuli and determines if action potential is triggered.
Axon Hillock
87
____ occurs when a single synapse activates frequently, providing enough charge for action potential in a post synaptic cell.
Temporal Summation
88
____ occurs when multiple synapses activate at the same time, providing enough charge for action potential in a post synaptic cell.
Spatial Summation
89
____ facilitates or inhibits the presynaptic neuron activity at the cell body or synaptic terminal.
Regulatory Neurons
90
____ monitors conditions and sends messages to the CNS.
Sensory Neuron
91
The cell body of a sensory neuron is in ____.
Sensory Ganglia
92
The Axon of a sensory neuron is in the ____.
Afferent Fibers
93
____ neurons monitor the outside world.
Somatic Sensory Neurons
94
____ neurons monitor internal conditions and organ systems.
Visceral Sensory Neurons
95
____ receive information from the sensory neuron.
Interneuron
96
____ sends messages from the CNS to peripheral effectors.
Motor Neurons
97
The Cell Body of interneurons are in ____.
CNS
98
The Axon of interneurons are in ____.
CNS
99
The Cell Body of a motor neuron is in ____.
Autonomic Ganglia
100
The Axon of a motor neuron is in ____.
Efferent Fibers
101
____ neurons send to "somatic" effectors.
Somatic Motor Neurons
102
____ neurons sent to motor neurons in Autonomic Ganglia which then send to "visceral" effectors.
Visceral Motor Neurons
103
____ are motor neurons that connect to skeletal muscles.
Somatic Nervous System
104
____ are motor neurons that connect to motor neurons in ganglia which connect to visceral effectors.
Automatic Nervous System
105
ANS decisions are made in the ____.
Hypothalamus
106
ANS controls ____.
Visceral Functions Subconsciously
107
____ is the synapse area for neurons away from the CNS.
Ganglion
108
____ starts at the CNS and ends at ganglion.
Preganglionic Neuron
109
____ starts at the ganglion and ends at the visceral effector.
Postganglionic Neuron
110
____ activates during stress, exertion, and emergency.
Sympathetic Division (SNS)
111
____ functions during rest & relaxation.
Parasympathetic Division
112
____ Coordinates complex local visceral reflexes.
Enteric Division (ENS)
113
____ is a chain of ganglia that is lateral to the spinal cord; and is used by the Sympathetic Division.
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
114
____ prepare for sudden intense activity. (CNS sends signal to effector)
Sympathetic Division
115
5 things neurotransmitters released by the SNS cause effectors to do.
1. Activates Sweat Glands
2. Elevate Muscle Tone
3. Increase Heartrate & Bloodpressure
4. Increase feeling of energy
5. Increase mental alertness
116
____ promote relaxation, nutrient uptake, and waste removal. (CNS responds to local conditions.)
Parasympathetic Division
117
5 things neurotransmitters released by PSNS cause effectors to do.
1. Constrict Pupils
2. Constrict respiratory passageways
3. Decrease Heartrate & Bloodpressure
4. Decrease Metabolic Rate
5. Increase Digestive&Salivary Secretions
118
3 sympathetic neurotransmitters.
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
119
Where is Acetylcholine released from?
Pre-Ganglionic neurons
120
Where is Norepinephrine released from?
Ganglionic Neurons
121
Where is Epinephrine released from?
Ganglionic Neurons
122
____ receptors are adenergic and use 2nd messengers.
Sympathetic Receptors
123
____ is stimulated by Norepinephrine & Epinephrine. (Effects persist for a few seconds.)
Alpha Receptor
124
____ is the Exitatory effect.
a1 effect
125
____ is the Inhibitory effect.
a2 effect
126
____ is stimulated by Epinephrine. (Dominant effect that persists for a few minutes).
Beta Receptor
127
____ effect is caused by Cardiac Muscle Stimulation and increased tissue metabolism.
B1 effect
128
____ effect is caused by relaxation of smooth muscle in respiratory passages & in the blood vessels of skeletal muscle.
B2 effect
129
____ effect is caused by the release of fatty acids by adipose tissue for metabolic use in other tissues.
B3 effect.
130
Acetylcholine is the ____ neurotransmitter and is release by preganglionic & ganglionic neurons.
Parasympathetic Neuron
131
Nicotinic and Muscarnic are both ____ receptors.
Parasympathetic receptors.
132
Nicotinic receptors are found at ____.
| Also open chemically gated channels
The surface of ganglion cells
133
What is the effect of Nicotinic receptors.
Open Chemically gated channels
134
____ stimulates Nicotinic receptors.
Nicotine
135
Muscarinic receptors are found at ____.
Neuromuscular & Neuroglandular Junctions
136
____ stimulates Muscarinic Receptors.
Muscarine
137
What is the effect of Muscarinic Receptors.
Uses 2nd messengers for excitatory or inhibitory effects
| Longer Lasting
138
____ control visceral functions with autonomic responses.
Visceral Reflexes
139
What neurons make up a polysynaptic reflex.
Receptor
Sensory Neuron
1 to 2 Inter neurons in CNS
1 to 2 Motor Neurons
140
2 types of visceral reflexes.
Short Reflex & Long Reflex
141
Short reflex information is processed where?
Ganglion
142
Long reflex information is processed where?
CNS
143
Short reflex commands are sent where?
Local Effectors
144
Long reflex commands are sent where?
Effectors
145
Short reflexes control what?
Activity in part of a target organ
146
Long reflexes control what?
Activity for Organ & Organ Systems
147
____ system uses short reflexes.
Enteric
148
____ systems use long reflexes.
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
149
___ is a stretch receptor that monitors change in pressure.
Baroreceptor
150
____ are located in elastic walls of hollow organs & tubes.
Baroreceptor Nerve Endings
151
How do baroreceptors report pressure change?
Elastic walls expand or constrict
Stretch receptor distorts
Action potential alerts control center
152
Baroreceptors monitor what?
Blood Pressure
Lung Expansion
Volume of waste
153
____ are specialized neurons that can detect small changes in the concentrations of specific chemicals and compounds?
Chemoreceptors
154
____ are located in the medulla oblongata, carotid and aortic bodies.
Chemoreceptor Nerve Endings
155
Chemoreceptors monitor what?
pH, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide leves in the CSF
| Also arterial blood for respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes.
